Mass Incarceration The Color Of Justice Essay - 1352 Words

Mass Incarceration: The Color of Justice (DRAFT) Racial discrimination in the United States has been a radical issue plaguing African Americans from as early as slavery to the more liberal society we see today. Slavery is one of the oldest forms of oppression against African Americans. Slaves were brought in from Africa at increasingly high numbers to do the so-called dirty work or manual labor of their white owners. Many years later, after the abolishment of slavery came the Jim Crow era. In the 1880s, acts known as the Jim Crow laws were enacted by Southern states to keep oppression of African Americans alive. These laws helped to legalize segregation between blacks and whites. Slavery and Jim Crow were created to regulate how African Americans functioned in society. Slaves were refused the right to vote, refused citizenship, refused education, and labeled as incompetent as a way for whites to keep what Author Michelle Alexander of the book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness calls â€Å"social cont rol†. Alexander argues that mass incarceration is the new modern â€Å"racial caste system† of social control. She further goes on to claim that this new system of mass incarceration has replaced the old social systems that were used to oppress African Americans such as slavery and Jim Crow. The system of mass incarceration fueled by the War on Drugs was established as a form of racial control. This new system puts people of color into an endless cycle ofShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 PagesImagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despi sed in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegalRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 Pagesargued that today’s mass incarceration is the new Jim Crow. Michelle Alexander, an associate professor of law at Ohio State University, outlines her argument for how she came to see the United States legal system as a system of racialized social control in her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. She argues that mass incarceration is a type of racial caste system similar to Jim Crow, the â€Å"war on drugs† is the greatest contribution to mass incarceration, and much of theRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Substantial Increase1072 Words   |  5 PagesMass incarceration is defined as the substantial increase in the number of Americans, particularly men of color, imprisoned within the last forty years. Despite its intentions to serve justice, the system is flawed; the physical freedom, possessions, and educational/career opportunities for inmates are limited during and after imprisonment. Lockeian ideology provides insight into how our criminal justice system has come to operate in this way. In John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, LockeRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration819 Words   |  4 PagesIn her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2012), Michelle Alexander empathizes on the issues of the complex of criminal justice systems which has a significant impact on people of color as The New Jim Crow. She also attaches significant to the racial dimensions of the â€Å"War on Drugs† because the convictions for drug offenses are only the most important cause of the explosion in incarceration rates in the United States. This argues that federal drug policy inequityRead MoreBeverly Daniel Tatum Describes Racism As A System Of Advantage1485 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious ways. In other words, blacks are considered less intelligent than whites. The incarceration rates have grown tremendously since the last time someone can remember. The largest jailer in the world is the United States. Philadelphia, however, has the nation’s highest incarceration rates. Surprisingly, 60% of them are still awaiting trial but 72% of them are black. Research has show’s that mass incarceration rates goes hand in hand with segregated cities. In â€Å"The City: Prison’s Grip on BlackRead MoreMichelle Alexander Mass Incarceration1601 Words   |  7 Pagesand legal scholar. In recent years, she has taught at a number of universities, including Stanford Law School, where she was an associate professor of law and directed the Civil Rights Clinics. Alexander published the book  The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. In it, she argues that systemic racial discrimination in the  United States  has resumed following the  Civil Rights Movements gains; the resumption is embedded in the US  War on Drugs  and other governmental policiesRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass inca rceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Review600 Words   |  3 Pages The New Jim Crow Review I agree with Michelle Alexander on her view of mass incarceration, as well as the new racial caste system that has evolved in the United States. She states that, â€Å"we have not ended racial caste in America, we have merely redesigned it†. After reading her book The New Jim Crow, her point of view on the age of colorblindness is extremely bold. Over time, it has developed into many forms. The racial systems have evolved from exploitation, to subordination, to marginalizationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Oresteia Trilogy762 Words   |  4 Pagespebble that represents the â€Å"guilt† (Aeschylus 21) of Orestes and a white pebble that represents the innocence of Orestes. In literature it is historically noted that the color black is used to symbolize evil or death, whereas, the color white is historically symbolized as purity, goodness, and life. The systemic colorism of people of color, particularly the Black body, continues to be prevalent not only in literature, but in m odern American history and political system. In early August of 2017, a protest

The Wiz Essay Research Paper In this free essay sample

The Wiz Essay, Research Paper In this really updated version of the well beloved kids s classic The Wizard of Oz, film spectators are transported to a universe of music, orderly particular effects, dazzling costumes, and a antic retelling of the narrative of the fantastic ace of Oz. The Wiz is one of the best African American musicals of all time made because it has a great dramatis personae of histrions and actresses, it has hidden symbolism that relates to African American life, and the pick of music adds power to its message. This musical depicts the battle of black life through vocal and beat, two facets of African American civilization. It is a remaking of The Wizard of Oz with the same narrative, same characters, and an added turn of psyche. The dramatis personae of The Wiz is composed of many gifted people. Legendary psyche mega star Diana Ross plays the 34-year old kindergarten teacher better known as Dorothy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wiz Essay Research Paper In this or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diana Ross is known for her many vocals every bit good as her calling as the lead vocalist of the three The Supremes. The King of Pop, Michael Jackson plays the portion of the encephalon destitute Scarecrow. His dancing accomplishments and smooth voice bring this character to life. Lena Horne, wind songstress extraordinare, plays Glinda the Good. Horne is one of the greatest wind vocalists of this epoch. Nipsey Russell, one of the 70s blaxploitation histrions, plays the portion of the Tinman. Comedian Richard Pryor plays the Wiz. His amusing actions give life to this character. Quincy Jones, one of the well-known songsters of his clip, co-wrote the film s soundtrack, along with Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson, hubby and married woman psyche couple. This coaction of moving and musical endowment makes The Wiz a charming experience of narrative and vocal. African American civilization is defined within the underlying subjects of this musical. For illustration, the name of the Lion is Fleetwood Coupe de Ville, which is the name of a well-known Cadillac. In the 70s, Cadillacs were the male monarchs of the route, much like king of beastss are the male monarchs of the jungle. Following, in this narrative is a lady by the name of Miss One, who sells Numberss to the citizens of Oz. During this clip period, Blacks were seeking for an flight from drab life. Many depended on the lottery for an mercantile establishment. A 3rd signifier of symbolism is the scene where Dorothy and her friends get to Oz and all the citizens are parading in green garb. The Wiz so announces that the colour must be changed to gold, so ruddy, and eventually bluish. These colour alterations resemble the many manner tendencies set and lost during the 70s. African Americans needed a sense of belonging and hence went along with the alterations to be in the in-crowd. The many signifiers of symbolism found throughout this musical define the interior metropolis African American civilization of the late seventiess. The Wiz sends its message non merely through symbolism, but besides through music. The four chief characters perform the most popular vocal in the film, Ease on Down the Road, They sing this as they are following the Yellow Brick Road. Its implicit in message is travel for your dreams, no affair what they are, but it takes clip to accomplish them. A new message is sent through the vocal Believe in Yourself, which is performed by Glinda the Good. This vocal is about assurance and the strength to travel on in life. The concluding vocal sums up the whole film. Dorothy sings Home, where one can be their ego and non worry about other people s ideas or positions about them. Home is a comfort zone for everyone, there s no topographic point like place. Many of the film s subjects are summarized through vocal and hence make the overall tone of the original narrative. The Wiz is a successful remaking of a superb narrative. The characters, the music, the dance, and the emotion all add to the implicit in message of the film. I think this film is a must see for all ages and civilizations. It is a powerful film that portrays African American life, both good and bad facets, in a soulful, charming manner. This musical is one of the best I ve of all time seen and I recommend it to anyone who appreciates good music, civilization, and merely kick inspiration!

Hookup Culture

Hookup Culture and Women Empowering Hookup culture is disempowering for women even though some women claim that it empowers them. This is so because the incidences that surround it put women at risk of low self-esteem, depression, alcoholism, and eating disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hookup Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some women and feminists may claim that hookup culture is good because it frees them from chains of having relationships. However, most women with hookup experience later regret it because they feel disempowered by the sexual encounters (Armstrong, Laura and Pula 2010). Why Hookup is more Common Now than Ever Hookups are more common nowadays than ever because majority of young people do not want to commit themselves to serious relationships. This is because they invest a lot of their time in career development. Therefore, they engage in hookups because they fear contracting STDs and earlier pregnancies. This is because hookups help them to get sexual pleasures while reducing its physical and emotional risks (Armstrong, Laura and Pula 2010). Nowadays, young people especially college students value friendship more than romance and oral sex than intercourse because of its relative safety. Young People Hooking-up Causes a Moral Panic No matter how appealing casual sex may be to some young people, it is unethical and impacts on their lives negatively. Hookups encourage moral decadence e.g. a girl stripping in front of boys. It introduces young people to sex at earlier ages in a casual context. Furthermore, it erodes sexual feelings and sensation which leads to low self-esteem hence a moral panic. Is Sexual Interaction within Relationships Preferable to Hook-ups? Sexual interaction in relationships is preferable to hookups. It brings more satisfaction and real physical and emotional pleasure. Women orgasm more often and experience high levels of satisfaction than in hookups. This happens because sex in relationships employs sexual activities that are conducive for partner orgasm and satisfaction. For instance, research conducted by England’s team revealed that men get more concerned with the orgasm of their girlfriends than hookup partners where as women seem interested in pleasing their boyfriends and hookup partners.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sexual Double Standard between Men and Women when it comes to Hooking up Yes. Sexual double standard exists in hookups and it ruins women’s hookup experiences. Men enjoy the privileges of gender superiority or chauvinism when it comes to hookups. For instance, men can lie with as many women as they could and this adds to their prestige and manhood. On the contrary, a woman who sleeps with many men becomes a â€Å"ho† and she is considered unequal with other women. S he is disrespected and stigmatized by the fact that women should not practice sex outside relationships. Sexual double standard affects women in hookups. This is the main reason they still tolerate greedy and abusive relationships (Armstrong, Laura and Pula 2010). Relationship between Hookup Culture and Same-Sex Relationship Hookup culture relate to same-sex relationship because it involves sexual stimulation between partners of the same-sex. The partners experience sexual pressures that they would feel if they had real sexual intercourse. Sex in this case does not serve its intended purpose but rather serves as a tool for sexual pleasure without emotional commitment. Furthermore, hookup culture described in this article involves socializing before and after hookup that also exist in same-sex relationships (Armstrong, Laura and Pula 2010). Work cited Armstrong, Elizabeth, Hamilton Laura and Pula England. â€Å" Is Hooking-up Bad for Young Women.† Contexts. American Sociologic al Association. Summer 2010. Web. n.d. This essay on Hookup Culture was written and submitted by user Maginty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Story in Spanish About the Poinsettia

Story in Spanish About the Poinsettia Improve your Spanish this holiday season with this story about the poinsettia, the rare U.S holiday tradition that originated south of the border.   La flor de Nochebuena Durante la temporada navideà ±a, la flor de Nochebuena es muy popular en Estados Unidos. Pero muchos no saben que la flor es originaria de Mà ©xico. En espaà ±ol, la flor tiene muchos nombres como la flor de Nochebuena, la flor de Pascua, la flor de fuego, la estrella de Navidad y la corona de los Andes. Los indà ­genas mexicanos la llamaban cuetlazochitl, que significa la flor de pà ©talos resistentes como el cuero. Para los aztecas, la flor roja era sà ­mbolo de la sangre de los sacrificios que ofrendaban al sol. En los EEUU, la flor es conocida como la poinsettia en honor de Joel Poinsett, botnico y el primer embajador estadounidense a Mà ©xico. En Mà ©xico hay una leyenda sobre la flor. Se dice que habà ­a una nià ±a muy pobre que lloraba porque no tenà ­a regalo para dar al nià ±ito Jesà ºs en el altar de su iglesia. Un ngel escuchà ³ sus oraciones, y le dijo que cortara las ramas de algunas plantas cerca del camino. Cuando llegà ³ la nià ±a al altar, al contacto con sus lgrimas, de las ramas brotaron bellas flores rojas y resplandecientes. Eran las primeras flores de Nochebuena. Ya tenà ­a regalo adecuado para el nià ±ito Jesà ºs. Translation With Grammar and Vocabulary Notes Durante la temporada navideà ±a,During the Christmas season, Navideà ±o  is the adjectival form of  Navidad, the word for Christmas. The  feminine form  is used here  because  temporada  is feminine. la flor de Nochebuena es muy popular en Estados Unidos.the poinsettia is very popular in the United States. Nochebuena, a combination of  noche  (night) and  buena  (good) is the word used for Christmas Eve. Although the phrase  flor de Nochebuena  could be translated literally as Christmas Eve flower, doing so would not be as clear here as using the English name of the flower. Pero  muchos  no  saben  que la flor es originaria de Mà ©xico.But many dont know the flower is originally from Mexico. The phrase  ser originario de  is frequently used to indicate where something originates. Note that  originario  (or the feminine form,  originaria,  in the original sentence here) is an adjective, not an adverb as in the English translation. Note also that the word  que  is left untranslated in English. In this case, it could have been translated as that, a word often omitted in English. But in Spanish,  que  is essential. En espaà ±ol, la flor tiene muchos nombresIn Spanish, the flower has many names como la flor de Navidad, la flor de Pascua, la flor de fuego, la estrella de Navidad y la corona de los Andes.such as the Christmas flower, the  Pascua  flower, the fire flower, the Christmas star and the crown of the Andes. The word  Pascua  originally referred to the Jewish Passover. In Christianity, it came later to refer to Easter, whose timing is theologically connected with Passover. Los indà ­genas mexicanos la llamaban  cuetlazochitl,The natives of Mexico called it  cuetlazochitl, Indà ­gena, meaning an indigenous person, is one of those unusual words that end in  -a  in both masculine and feminine forms. In the above sentence,  la  is used to mean it because it refers to a feminine noun,  la flor. If the reference had been to a masculine noun,  lo  would have been used. que significa la flor de pà ©talos resistentes como el cuero.which means the flower with petals tough like leather. Note that in Spanish, the period comes outside the  quotation marks, the opposite of what is done in U.S. English. Note also that the  de  in the definition is translated as with, even though  de  typically is translated as of. This provides a more natural translation. Para los aztecas, la flor roja era sà ­mbolo del sangre de los sacrificios que ofrendaban al Sol.For the Aztecs, the red flower was a symbol of the blood of the sacrifices they offered to the sun. The verbs in this sentence are in the  imperfect tense, as is usually the case with verbs that refer to events or repeated actions that occur over a long period of time. En los EEUU, la flor es conocida como la  poinsettia  en honor de Joel Poinsett, botnico y el primer embajador estadounidense a Mà ©xico.In the U.S., the flower is known as the poinsettia in honor of Joel Poinsett, a botanist and first U.S. ambassador to Mexico. EEUU  is the abbreviation for  Estados Unidos. See how the letters are doubled as is often done in an  abbreviation of a plural noun. En Mà ©xico hay una leyenda sobre la flor.In Mexico there is a legend about the flower. Hay  is a form of  haber  that is very commonly used to mean there is. The past tense, as in the following sentence, is  habà ­a. Se dice que habà ­a una nià ±a muy pobreIt is said that there was a very poor girl Se  dice, a  reflexive  form of  decir, is a common way of saying it is said or they say. que lloraba porque no tenà ­a regalo para dar al nià ±ito Jesà ºs en el altar de su iglesia.who cried because she didnt have a gift to give to the baby Jesus on the altar of her church. Nià ±ito  is a  diminutive  form of  nià ±o, a word for boy. Un ngel escuchà ³ sus oraciones, y le dijo que cortara las ramas de algunas plantas cerca del camino.An angel heard her prayers and told her to cut the branches of the plants near the path. The verb  cortara  is in the  imperfect subjunctive  form, because the  subjunctive  form typically is used with  commands and requests  that follow  que. The  le  in this sentence is an  indirect object pronoun; to cut the branches is what the angel said, but the girl is whom the angel told it to. Cuando llegà ³ la nià ±a al altar, al contacto con sus lgrimas, de las ramas brotaron bellas flores rojas y resplandecientes.When the girl arrived at the altar, upon contact with her tears beautiful and brilliant red flowers came forth from the branches. Use of  al  followed by an noun, seen here in the phrase  al contacto, is a common way of saying in Spanish that something occurs as the result of another event. Also note how the word order in this sentence is different than what it would be in English. Eran las primeras flores de Nochebuena.These were the first poinsettias. The translation of They were ... also could have been used. As the  subject is often omitted  in Spanish sentences, you can let context determine the smoothest translation. Ya tenà ­a regalo adecuado para el nià ±ito Jesà ºs.Now she had a suitable gift for the baby Jesus. Ya  is a very common adjective whose translation varies widely depending on the context. The adjective  adecuado  is obviously related to the English adequate (making it a  cognate) but doesnt have the same connotation.

The relations of Turkey with the European Union Essay

The relations of Turkey with the European Union - Essay Example The union had many requirements for the membership candidacy acceptance. In December 1999 however, the EU dropped its preconditions, the reasons of which were several. Associated through its Ottoman past to the Balkans, at the edge of Central Asia, and adjoining the Middle East oil fields, Turkey was deemed a very significant participant on the international stage with huge potential to play a stabilizing role in a turbulent region; it could not be ignored. The post 9-11 era poses critical implications in the world politics today. Any plotted course of such decision making is prone to have a long lasting impact, not only on the concerned countries, but also on every affected party. In this case, the Turkey-EU relations, as well as their future nature of this relationship, not only affect them, but also EU’s relations with its neighboring Muslim countries. It took 3 decades until Turkey became a legitimate candidate country for an absolute membership in the EU. This research pr oposal tends to closely examine if Turkey should join the EU, and comprehensively discusses the potential resulting implications arising from whether or not Turkey joins it. A comprehensive review of literature has been conducted to study different theories and perspectives from different directly concerned parties, stakeholders, and various analysts who have evaluated Turkey’s standing from different angles. Further on, the proposal outlines our research objectives for this paper, discusses the research methodology to be employed, as well as highlight the ethical issues and limitations we’re prone to come across. Research Questions: The primary objective of this section is to construct a succinct discussion, and with all the pros and cons of the resulting impact, be able to reach an answer to the following research questions: Should Turkey join the EU? What advantage would Turkey gain from attaining accession to the EU? What advantage would EU gain from Turkish access ion? What are the negative implications if Turkey joins EU? Literature Review/Background According to Van Herpen (2004) Turkey has been a significant geopolitical participant on the European stage for more than six centuries. Initially it was deemed as a threat, in response to which Luther inscribed his pamphlet ‘On War against the Turk’. But with due evolution, for the past 5 decades, Turkey has been a close ally to Europe in the NATO. Even though Turkey is an Islamic country, however, the Islam followed over there is not only identified as moderate and accepting, but is also barred from the public sphere. A decade ago, Rouleau (2000, p. 100) was of the view that Turkey stands at a crossroads; the ‘accession partnership document’ that it presented to the EU is a roadmap for the extensive political and economic reforms Turkey needs to endorse if it intends on joining the EU. However, according to the so-called Copenhagen regulations, certain guidelines were to be followed by all EU membership candidates including Turkey, which basically revolved around establishing ‘Western-style democratic institutions guaranteeing rule of law, individual rights, and minority rights’. Turkey, however, even after 10 months of the issuance of these norms,

The United States Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United States Patriot Act - Essay Example The PATRIOT Act was enacted to protect US citizens by augmenting the tools by which law enforcement agencies fight crime and improves communication capabilities between these government agencies. In spite of the prevailing majority opinion, the PATRIOT Act protects, rather than degrades, civil liberties. The name of the act, the USA PATRIOT Act, is a shortened acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to â€Å"connect the dots† from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to â€Å"develop a complete picture† regarding possible threats from terrorists. By enabling more fluid communications between the various agencies, information regarding a particular suspect can be matched up faster, often automatically by computer database, and more accurately identified. This assists in increasing the safety of citizens both by removing dangerous suspects from the general population before they are able to cause serious trouble and by ensuring innocent citizens are cleared and released in a timely and efficient manner if or when mistakes are made. Communications is the focus of the other major element of the act as well. The Act allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorist’s discussions via electronic surveillance (Ward, 2002). This is not a blanket license for law enforcement to listen to anyone’s line based upon a simple whim or roll of the dice, but is instead intended to help investigators trace suspicious person’s through their more intimate and therefore

Neorealist And Neo Marxist Approaches To Globalisation Politics Essay

Neorealist And Neo Marxist Approaches To Globalisation Politics Essay Globalisation is the process of integration which is international and arises from the mixture of products, ideas, views and some other aspects of culture. Neo Realism and Neo Marxism are the different approaches that have different theories, rules and regulation which can be used by different geological countries to accept the different cultures and the technologies to achieve the globalisation. Neo Realism uses the concept of self-interest and that is the reason it is considered as realistic theory to different aspects while Neo Marxism uses the concepts of Marxism and also incorporates elements from other intellectual traditions like  critical theory,  psychoanalysis  or  Existentialism. Globalization process requires different approaches to be followed to get success in particular field. As all we know globalization requires the consideration of many aspects so that it could be accept globally, so the application and selection of the appropriate theory is much important. Globalization is the main factor these days in the success of any country, company, or organization as the global presence only tells about the popularity or the importance of that thing. There are different theories that can be applied like classical or neo classical realist theory, left critical theory, deconstructionist ethics theory, neo Marxism theory or post structuralism theory etc. The application of these theory can be done of anti globalism or alter globalism. We will here compare the neo realism and neo Marxism approaches that can be applied for globalisation and how they can impact the globalisation and which one is better. The comparison will lead to the understanding of the theories and their importance for the globalization. Neo Realism Approach: Basically Realism is considered as the view that different aspects of internationalization are derived from competitive self-interest. Realism is an international theory basically which is centred upon following four propositions. 1. First proposition considers the that no actor above states is capable which can regulate the interactions and states must get all the relations with other states in the environment at their own instead of control from someone else which means that the international system is anarchic. 2. Second proposition considers the states as most important actors. 3. This proposition considers all states as unitary and rational actors which tend to pursue their self-interest. 4. Last proposition considers that all states concern about the survival mainly. In short we can say that realists believe in the self-centred and competitive humankind. Theorists like Thomas Hobbes consider the human nature to be egocentric and conflictual and exceptional in some special cases. These views are different from the liberalism approach that is used for international relations. Realists consider  Sovereign  states  as the main actors in the international system and they afford special attention to large powers because they mainly impact the international stage (Gene Callahan, (2010) pp 872).  International institutions, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, individuals and other actors like sub-state or trans-state are considered as less influential. Realists believe that all states cant guide their actions by a universal principle. They believe that every state must be aware of different actions of the other states around it and a pragmatic approach should be used in case of any problem. Neo realism is same as classical realism but it focuses on anarchic structure of international system in spite of human nature. It considers that states are main actors due to the non existence of any political monopoly above sovereign. Main attention is given to the forces which are above or below the states using levels of analysis or  structure-agency debate while state will be the main actors. This theory considers international system as a  structure  which acts on the state and individuals as they are below the level of the state who acts as  agency  on the state. Neo realism differs in the emphasis which it places on the permanence of conflict in spite of being affected from English School. It says that states should be constantly prepared for conflict using economic and military build-up so that state security can be ensured. Some of the prominent neo realists are Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz  (Structural realism), Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, Stephen Walt(Defe nsive realism), John Mearsheimer(Offensive realism), Robert Gilpin(Hegemonic theory). The main focus of the realist approach to international politics is on the importance of power to establish relations between states. Realists believe in self-help they consider that states should rely on themselves to provide order and to resolve the issues. States should be capable enough to handle the situations and should not depend for any particular power. Criticism: There are different criticisms for the neo realistic theory like it has the problem of Indeterminacy, federalism and democratic peace. These all can be summarized as follows: Problem of Indeterminacy: Though the theory is very rigorous but still there are some fundamental drawbacks which present problems in generating different hypotheses and testing theory. The theory is very indeterminate because it focuses on different effects of the structure of international system on the behaviour of states and on international outcomes (Marianne Wikgren, (2005) pp 19). It says that structures have their effects indeterminately and indirectly. These all can also be found in balance of power theory also. Democratic peace: The theory of realism does not apply to the democratic states relations with each other because some studies found that such type of states dont go for war. However, Realists and proponents of other schools have critiqued both this claim and the studies which appear to support it, claiming that its definitions of war and democracy must be tweaked in order to achieve the desired result. Federalism: Federalism comes from a theory which divides the final authority between different sub-units and a centre. In such type of cases, sovereignty is constitutionally split between at least two territorial levels and results in final authority at each level which can act independently of the others in some area. This gives the citizens the right to have political obligations to two authorities. The allocation of authority between the sub-unit and centre may vary. Typically the centre has powers to shape different policies like defence and foreign policy, but at the same time different sub-units may also have international roles. The sub-units are also allowed to participate in central decision-making process. Neo Marxism Approach: Neo-Marxism  is used for different twentieth-century approaches which append or include  Marxism  and  Marxist theory and incorporates different important elements from other intellectual traditions like critical theory,  psychoanalysis  or  Existentialism. One good example of syncretism in neo Marxist theory is the contradictory of class location theory from Erik Olin Wright which incorporates  critical criminology, Weberian  sociology   and  anarchism.  Neo Marxists have tried to supplement the deficiencies which were perceived in orthodox Marxism (Alf Walle, (2001) pp 805) or dialectical materialism and that is the reason why many theorists and groups has designated the use of prefix neo. Most of the prominent neo-Marxists like Herbert Marcuse  and other members of the  Frankfurt School were sociologists and psychologists. New left considers neo Marxism under its broader framework. In a  sociological  aspect, neo-Marxism is basically the addition of Max Webers broader understanding of  social inequality like status  and  power to  Marxist philosophy. Critical theory, French structural Marxism and analytical Marxism are different strains of neo-Marxism Neo Marxism came in the existence to explain those questions which were unexplained in Karl Marxs works. There are many different branches of Neo-Marxism which are usually not in agreement with each other and their defined theories. There are basically two theories of neo Marxism, which are as follows: Neo-marxist theories of development: Dependency and world system theories are connected to come up with the Neo-Marxist approach to development economics. In this approach exploitation is considered as external exploitation which was used to be considered as internal exploitation in orthodox Marxism. Neo-marxian economics: This approach stresses on the monopolistic capitalism in spite of competitive nature of capitalism. Kalecki  andBaran  and  Sweezy are associated with this approach. Neo-Marxism is the application of Marxist ideas to the global economic conditions which currently exists and considered as a school of economic thought. It was very common during the 1960s and 1970s as many neo-Marxist scholars showed that how capitalist policies can hinder the development and can increase the inequality between the Global North and South. So, neo-Marxists produced different modern world system and dependency theories in form of clear illustrations to show how neo-liberal capitalism has brought increased inequality to the global economy. Criticism: Basically Neo Marxism was a relaxation of the economic determinism and positivism of classical Marxist theories. Its main focus was more on the society rather than on the system alone. It incorporated other sociological views which were developed after Marx so that a more holistic view of social class structures and dynamics can be provided and the target was to focus more on society. Different criticisms for the neo Marxism theory are as follows: It has more concentration on economic relationship which is like going over to the limit as it considers the economic relationship as most important factor. This theory is considered as economically deterministic due to the more emphasis on the economic relationship and it has ignored the other relationship like family, education. Friendship, religious etc which also give shape and determines the success. As it has concentrated on the economic relationships and conflicts, it has overlooked the conflicts that can rise in other forms (non-economic) also. This theory has either overlooked on these factors or has a slight description like it argues that the male-female conflicts are not simply economic rather they are patriarchal. It has under-emphasized the subjective interpretations of individuals when looking at the way in which people see and act in the social world (Thomas M. Jeannot, (1994) pp 91). A persons subjective interpretation of their class, for example, might be quite different to their objective class position. Many forms of Neo-Marxism have been criticised (usually by other Marxists) as being little more than a left-wing variety of Functionalism (Left Functionalism as Jock Young has termed it). In place of society existing for the benefit of all, Young argues that many Marxists simply substitute the idea that society exists for benefit of a ruling class). Some forms of Neo-Marxism resemble little more than a giant conspiracy theory, whereby a Capitalist Ruling Class are able to manipulate other classes in society for their own ends / benefits. Critics like Sir Karl Popper have claimed that Marxism is unscientific in its methodology. In particular, he argues that Marxism is not a theory that can be tested and possibly falsified, mainly because it sees the replacement of Capitalism by Communism as historically inevitable. In this respect, Popper classifies Marxism as a faith. The Marxist perspective lends itself to always examining social relationships in terms of their conflictual basis (just as the Functionalist perspective tends to look at those same relationships in terms of their consensual basis). This emphasis might be misplaced. Conclusion: As per the above discussion, both approaches have different implications for the globalization and have aim to satisfy the need of the states and regions for their success. On the one side neo realist theory tries to aim at individual on the other side neo Marxist theory tries to aim at the economies. Realist theory considers each individual responsible for their own tasks while neo Marxist theory talks in terms of economic stability and other factors (Kavous Ardalan, (2009) pp 525). The globalisation is the process which requires the integration of ideas, views and other factors that can help to get a better international system in the place. So while choosing the best theory for the globalisation, it is important to consider that the theory which is required should be more realistic and should focus on the growth and responsibility of all as a whole, not as an individual. So, neo realism is the theory which is realistic while neo Marxism is the theory which considers the economy as a whole. So I think a mixture of both can be better to be adopted for globalization process. But most preferable should be neo realism theory as it aims at the development of all and the responsibility of all individual state so that they can be economically strong at their own and can give rise to a good competition in the world scenario while keeping in the mind about the international relations.