The Office Layout Importance

The Office Layout Importance Introduction The main idea of this paper is to answer the question whether office layout is closer to the notion of the retail service layout or to the manufacturing layout. The office layout is closely related to the retail service layout as the main purposes of these notions are similar.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Office Layout Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, retail service layout is aimed at minimizing the way a customer should come to the desirable product (Alavudeen Venkateshwaran 2008). The same is about the office layout as it is more effective when employees can easily reach the equipment they work with and the information they need (Roy 2005). Literature review There are a lot of different works related to the similar problem. Still, none of them provides the answer whether office layout is more associated with retail service layout or with manufacturing layout. According to Bicheno and Elliot (1997) retail service layout is aimed at maximizing â€Å"the profit per square or cubic metre of space† (p. 129). At the same time, almost supporting this idea Heragu (2006) states that manufacturing layout â€Å"is different from office layout because different weights are attached to the factors† (p. 23) which influences those facilities. The new layout of the office may improve the effect from communication (Eisinger 2002). Communication serves as the basis for both office and retail service as it is promoted by the layout (Boutellier, Ullman, Schreiber, Naef 2008). The incorrect office layout may lead to violation of employees’ privacy (Binyaseen 2010). The same deals with the retail service layout and the personal customer information. Discussion Thus, the information discussed above shows that there are much in common between retail service layout and office layout, that manufacturing layout cannot have similar characteristics. It is possible to say that the information mentioned above is closely related to the topic we are discussing. If the company wants to reduce the costs in the office, it can change the office layout with the purpose not to dismiss employees. The same is with the retail service layout which may be changed when some changes in the customer sector are necessary (Charlton 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, working with the customers and trading, the innovative technologies are used. The same is with the office layout. There are so many different companies which deal with this problem, like IKEA 2008 Office planner (IKEA 2010) and Easy Office Planning Software (SmartDraw 2010). It is important to remember that the proper use of the office layout in the organization can solve many problems. Wieden + Kennedy (2010) is the advertising agency. Working in the advertising business, it is important to collaborate with other members of the team and, at the same time, to be as if in another room. The decision made by the design company NEXT Architecture (2010) is a really interesting decision. On the one hand, people see each other the walls in the rooms are made from glass, on the other hand, there are walls and no one can hear anything (Momoy 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, office layout is closely related to the retail service layout as the purposes are the same, in spite of the fact that they are directed at the different targets. The research conducted in this paper helps understand the importance of layout in different spheres of business, either the employees are involved, or the customers of the company. References Alavudeen and Venkateshwaran. (2008). Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Bicheno, J. and Elliot, B. (1997). Operations management: an active learning approach. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Binyaseen, A. (2010). Office layouts and employee participation. Facilities, 28 (7/8) p. 348.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Office Layout Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boutellier, R., Ullman, F., Schreiber, J., Naef, R. (2008). Impact of office layout on communication in a science-driven business. RD Management, 38 (4), pp. 372-391. Charlton, B. (2003). Office Interiors Space crunch. Crains Detroit Business, 19 (31), p. 11. Eisinger, J. (2002). The Optimal Office. Association Management, 54 (10), p. 56. Heragu, S.S. (2006). Facilities Design. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. IKEA. (2010). IKEA 2008 Office planner. Web. Momoy. (2008). Wieden + Kennedy – Modern Advertising Agency Interior from NEXT. Web. NEXT Architecture. (2010). Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Roy, R.N. A. (2005). Modern Approach to Operations Management. New Delhi: New Age International. SmartDraw. (2010). Easy Office Planning Software. Web. Wieden + Kennedy. (2010). Web.

Free Essays on Gas

triggered something in Gatsby’s mind, and he reali... Free Essays on Gas Free Essays on Gas The all out flaunting of money first came about in the 1920’s. In this time period, when people had money, they found some extravagant way to show it. The characters of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, reflected this type of lifestyle. The three characters, Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, each reveal the theme of money can’t buy happiness, through their own unique way. The Great Gatsby includes three very different characters that all reveal a common theme. At first, Gatsby seems to be a sophisticated, and intelligent war veteran. However, once one gets past the surface, he comes to find out that Gatsby is frantically hanging onto the past. He reluctantly reveals the truth about events in his past when directly asked about them. His obsession with Daisy almost borders on insanity. However, he made his money work for him by impressing Daisy with his home. Gatsby thought that all of his material possessions would overwhelm Daisy. Still, Gatsby’s personality won over most of the people he encountered. He was an overall charming, and charismatic character that, in the end, proves that money can’t buy happiness. Throughout most of the book, Tom was a self-centered, materialistic person. Tom thought that Daisy was so in love with his money, that he could have an affair, and it not ruin his marriage. He thought of Daisy as just another one of his shallow, money driven possessions. Tom did, however, show some compassion, when he comforted George after his wife, and Tom’s mistress, was killed. Throughout the novel, Tom blatantly showed his shallow personality through his money-centered actions. At first glance, Daisy appears to be the most innocent of all the characters, but it is quickly learned that she too is immersed into money. Her extremely shallow personality was very evident when she told Gatsby â€Å"rich girls don’t marry poor boys.† Daisy’s words triggered something in Gatsby’s mind, and he reali...

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Culture - Essay Example In an Islamic society that is fundamentally reserved, it is odd to predict that such things as â€Å"Pastel carrying cases for condoms† would have a good market value. People of UAE are generally global agnostics. This essentially means that their tendency to buy a product is not influenced by the product’s global attributes. UAE is one country where the Western decadence is considered infectious. People of UAE derive their learning from the teachings of Islam. They may not be good practicing Muslims, though Islam still remains as the standard. They distinguish between right and wrong according to the teachings of Islam. Thus, the indigenous people of UAE derive learning from Islam. As the traditional environment is fundamentally Islamic, so the people of UAE tend to stick to it rather than adjusting with the fast pace new world. Additionally, their inherent richness of both cultural and monetary leaves them in no complex to run after the global standards. UAE governmen t has more than sufficient funds to provide the indigenous people with a rich and elite standard of living. People have much more money withy them than what they would need to purchase things of their want. Because of the abundance of money, people are not as thirsty for things as people from other cultures normally are. The indigenous people believe more in collectivism than individualism. UAE society is generally extroverted. People make a lot of friends and spend most of the time with family and friends. Increased social interaction causes people to share similar standards. This promotes collectivism in their approach. The lowest Hofstede Dimension for the Arab World is the Individualism... People of UAE derive their learning from the teachings of Islam. They may not be good practicing Muslims, though Islam still remains the standard. They distinguish between right and wrong according to the teachings of Islam. Thus, the indigenous people of UAE derive learning from Islam. As the traditional environment is fundamentally Islamic, so the people of UAE tend to stick to it rather than adjusting with the fast pace new world. Additionally, their inherent richness of both cultural and monetary leaves them in no complex to run after the global standards. UAE government has more than sufficient funds to provide the indigenous people with a rich and elite standard of living. People have much more money to them than what they would need to purchase things of their want. Because of the abundance of money, people are not as thirsty for things as people from other cultures normally are. The indigenous people believe more in collectivism than individualism. UAE society is generally extroverted. People make a lot of friends and spend most of the time with family and friends. The increased social interaction causes people to share similar standards. This promotes collectivism in their approach. Governmental rules are strictly observed because there are severe penalties for violating them. The etiquettes of business recognized internationally like dress code are generally violated. The indigenous men of UAE would wear their traditional white cloak, named Kundra or dishdasha in the workplace instead of the suit (Grapeshisha).

Business strategy in Chinese restaurant Assignment - 1

Business strategy in Chinese restaurant - Assignment Example The purpose of this report is to explore the marketing strategies of Hai Di Lao hot pot by applying the PESTEL and SWOT framework. The strategic options for expansion of the restaurant are discussed in this report and finally the recommendations are suggested. Political: The Chinese government has been following liberalization policies and this includes a drive of opening foreign based fast food chains in the country. Since 2007, the government have banned all the unlicensed food suppliers. This implies that the restaurant owners have to be highly careful in terms of procurement of food from suppliers. The Chinese government’s policy on food safety is paramount. Economic: China is one of the fastest growing markets among the emerging market economies with an average rate of growth of 9.10 % from 1990 to 2014 (Trading Economics, 2014). The growth of the Chinese economy has been coupled with the growth of disposable income of middle class (Wang, 2012). The average rate of per capita GDP of China is estimated to be about $ 2611 dollars (World Bank, 2014). According to statistics, the fast food restaurant in China is expected to grow by 6% in terms of value sales (Euromonitor International, 2014). Social: Based on social taste and preferences, Chinese fast food market can be differentiated on the basis of domestic fast food industry and foreign fast food industry (Deloitte, 2012). Though, the consumers are acquiring a taste of foreign fast foods yet the domestic Chinese fast food is very popular representing 70% of market share (Research and Markets, 2011). Technological: Technological elements like using Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS) and advanced equipments in the kitchen reduce cost of production of the company. Using social media marketing and using internet technology to manage inventory can also help companies reduce their costs. Legal: Legislations for restaurant industry in China is

Organization and Environmental Analysis Essay Example for Free

Organization and Environmental Analysis Essay Huawei Technologies technical diversification of its portfolio and value addition to its existing products is highlighted by Huawei being ranked amongst the top 5 in the world in terms of essential UMTS patents. By June 2008, Huawei had filed 30,569 patent applications. (Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The big inclination towards RD and strong cost differentiation has enabled Huawei Technologies to achieve what the other dominant players in the telecom industry have been struggling to achieve- customization! .This strong customer focus is also the face of Huawei Technologies projected through its brand logo. The Huawei Technologies brand logo reflects its core principles of â€Å"customer-focus, innovation, steady and sustainable growth, and harmony, conveying Huawei Technologies sincere commitment to helping its customers realizing their potential to launch a variety of competitive services through continuous innovation and an enterprising spirit. † (Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The Huawei Technologies logo was recently changed and modified to reflect harmony as also one of its key elements, so as to convey its social responsibility. Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). This has brought in the much needed image change required by Huawei Technologies primarily being seen as a Chinese vendor. Figure1: Huawei Contract Sales (Source Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release) Opex Capex leverage which Huawei Technologies has been able to offer its customers has enabled it to demonstrate cost leadership which is evident as 72% of its contr act sales were from overseas market in 2007. Let alone in 2007, it had 45% increases in its contract sales revenue. See figure 1. Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The strong hold which Huawei Technologies is being able to maintain also comes from the socio-political environment it works in as the labour cost in China is one sixth of that of United States or Europe. Thus it has become a key external environmental factor . Internally Huawei Technologies has capitalized on human resource and RD. But has the cost differentiation been enough, will it still promise growth and more market share? These are the biggest questions which need to be addressed for a guaranteed continuous growth. This question has made Huawei Technologies rethink its marketing strategy towards value proposition, and to value chain analysis (Porter 1985) for a bigger market share. Before that however lies another hurdle of poor quality perception a question mark on the quality of Chinese branding. Issue 2- The dragon brand wagon. With the FMCG market taking blows after blows because of adulterated Chinese raw materials, the general consumer perception on Chinese quality is struggling to establish a stand. Though it specifically affects as said the FMCG market or the business dealing in B2C but the general perception affects all including B2B. And this has been one of the prime challenges. From 1998 to 2001 Huawei was looked at with distrust doubt . With the Cisco lawsuit the market penetration in the developed economies had become more difficult and required 1000 times more effort as compared to its American or European counterparts. (The Economist, Nov 2007). I believe that the focus needs to be shifted towards creating a strong brand if Huawei Technologies needs to keep its foothold in the global telecom market. Thus strengthening of the Huawei brand has become even more important. Remodeling to establish Huawei as a brand has been now the new focus to develop a better perceived quality create brand equity. The need of brand recognition has also become very vital to be seen as a valued collaborator for its customers. Brand development has never been big in China; with large volume market brand recognition never existed in the Chinese market. Hence it becomes more essential as well as difficult for Huawei to develop its brand image to compete in the global economy. The strong need for branding and change for the marketing orientation to move towards the service sector becomes more vital when we look into the 5C’s of Huawei Technologies. Issue 4- The 5C’s. Exploring the 5 C’s of Huawei Technologies highlights the core competencies of Huawei and helps us in understanding why a new orientation approach is required . As discussed earlier Huawei Technologies dominates in cost differentiation and is armed with a strong RD to achieve customization in a high barrier industry and it has been a key strength of Huawei Technologies. But a quick SWOT analysis brings out the lack of perceived quality in the market as one of the greatest threats Huawei Technologies faces. Its major competitor Ericsson currently leading the market share comes with a very strong branding and high perceived quality. The dilemma is not just the market perception but also the perception of the employees themselves despite the fact that human capital is a key resource strength of Huawei Technologies which also drives to low labor costs.

The Tempest as Shakespeares Resignation Speech -- Tempest essays

The Tempest as Shakespeare's Resignation Speech      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare's, The Tempest, the character Prospero is in many ways similar to Shakespeare himself at the time he wrote the play.   Prospero, having entertained himself with his magic for most of his life, now gives up his powers as he seems to understand that his magic is no more and no less than life itself :   it is just as transitory and hollow.   This seems to reflect on Shakespeare's attitude toward play writing.   Having spent his life writing plays and being entertained by his own employment, Shakespeare finds that his plays, while they explore the themes of life and relationship, are finally no more meaningful than life itself seems to a man who must have been feeling his mortality.   The Tempest is Shakespeare's resignation speech.   Having found that his 'magic' has failed him, Shakespeare is retiring to the real world, for if nothing of meaning is to be gained in play writing, then all that is left is to be human.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, look at Prospero's final decision in the play.   He is capable of returning to Milan and ruling it while keeping his magical power - he does not have to choose between the two - and he abandons his power.   Just as Shakespeare was not forced to quit writing, Prospero is not forced to abandon his magic.   In addition, Shakespeare specifically has Prospero tell us : "My charms crack not, my spirits obey, ..." ( V.i 2 ).   Shakespeare means to tell the audience he is not quitting because his ability as a writer is lessening at all, but specifically tells us through Prospero that he is at his peak and is completely in command of his art.   There is no other obvious thematic or plot-development reason why Prospero should specifically ... ...total lack of morality, or Hotspur's view of absolute honor, had some doubt to it, or could be thought of differently.   Prospero's argument here is irrefutable.   Nothing he presents is in any way 'iffy' or doubtable.   This is Shakespeare's final conclusion : plays, like life, fade into nothing, and nothing is left worth doing but to be what we are: human, and mortal.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's The Tempest. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1997.    Davidson, Frank. "The Tempest: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225.    Shakespeare, William, 1998.   The Tempest.   Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998    Webster, Margaret. Shakespeare Without Tears. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc., 1996.

English – Japanese Dictionary

www. GetPedia. com *More than 150,000 articles in the search database *Learn how almost everything works English? japanese (dictionnaire) English? japanese Dictionary editions eBooksFrance www. ebooksfrance. com English? japanese Dictionary 1 English? japanese (dictionnaire) Adapted from : http://www. freedict. com/dictionary/index. html English? japanese Dictionary 2 English? japanese (dictionnaire) English? japanese Dictionary 3 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a : ato A? bomb : genshibakudan A? ombed : hibaku A? D converter : e? di? konba? ta? A? grade : koushu A B : kouotsu a (helping) hand : ippi a (photo)copy : kopi? a basin : hachi a bath : hitofuro a battle : issen a beat : ichijun a belle : komachi a bent back : nekoze a big deal : taishita a big haul : ichimoudajin a billionth of a second : nanosekando a biography : ichidaiki a birthstone : tanjouseki a bit : chitto, ichibuichirin, ichigou, chito a bite : hitokuchi English? japanese Dictionary 4 English? japanese (dictionna ire) blast : hitofuki a block signal : burokkusain a blot : naore a blow : ichida, hitoawa, ichigeki, hitouchi a boat : ichii, ichiyou a body : ichidan a bond : issatsu a book : issho a bother : sewayaki a bout : ikkai, issen, ichiban a bout (in sports : torikumi, torikumi a bow (salute : ichirei a bowl : hachi a bowl (of rice) : ichizen a bowl of rice : ippan a boy : ichinan a brace : hitotsugai a brake : bure? ki a branch (of flowers) : ichida a breath : hitoiki a breather : ikitsugi English? japanese Dictionary 5 English? japanese (dictionnaire) breathing spell : ikitsugi a broadside : isseishageki a Buddha : hotokesama a bunch : hitomatome, ichiwa, hitokurume a bundle : issoku, hitokakae, hitokurume, ichiwa, hitotaba a burst of anger : hitoare a capella : akapera a careless person : occhokochoi a casting net : toami a catch : mizuage a cause : ichiin a cavity : utsuro a center : senta? a century : isseiki a certain : shikaru a certain book : ippon a certain†¦ : aru a chain : ichiren a change : idou a channel : channeru a character : ichijinbutsu, ichiji English? japanese Dictionary 6 English? japanese (dictionnaire) charge : ippatsu a charm : majinai a check : osae, chekku a child : isshi a child's dice game : sugoroku a cinch to do : asameshimae a clean sweep : issou a close : shuumatsu a clue : tancho a cluster : ichida a co? operative : kyoudoukumiai a comic story (telling) : rakugo a command : ichimei a commercial : koma? sharu a communist : kyousanshugisha a company : ittai a complainant : sonin a complete set : isshiki a compound : gouseibutsu a consent : ichidaku a cooperative : seikatsukyoudoukumiai English? japanese Dictionary 7 English? japanese (dictionnaire) copse : hitomura a copy (of a photo) : ichiyou a corner : ichiguu, hitosumi a corpus luteum : outai a council : sanjikai, hyougiin a council (abbr) : hyou a couple : hitotsugai, kappuru a crease : oreme a crease (i. e. in trousers) : orime a criminal : kyoujoumochi a cross : juumonji a crowd : hitomure, hitomura, ichigun a crown : hachi a cry : hitokoe a cup of : ippai a current (of water) : issui a curse : noroi a cylinder : kitou a daimyo's main Tokyo mansion : kamiyashiki a dance : hitosashi a day's journey : ichinichiji English? japanese Dictionary 8 English? apanese (dictionnaire) a day or two : ichiryoujitsu a degenerate : henshitsusha a degree : icchuu a denomination : isshuu a design : zuan a determined purpose : ichinen a difference : rakusa a dimple : ekubo a direct unforked road : ipponmichi a disadvantage (defect : isshitsu a disgrace : naore a dish (of food) : hitosara a district : ikku a diviner : urayasan a document : issatsu a dose : ippuku a draft : hitokuchi a draw (in competition) : hikiwake a draw curtain : hikimaku a dream : ichimu a drink : inryou, ippai English? japanese Dictionary 9 English? japanese (dictionnaire) drop : issui, shitatari, itteki a drop (of water) : hitoshizuku a drop in activity : tenuki a drudge : gariben a drying agent : kansouzai a fall in price : nesagari a family : ichizoku, ikka, ikke a family get? together : ikkadanran a favourite book : aidokusho a feast : isseki a feint : feinto a fellow : yakara a few : ikutsuka a few days ago : sakinohi, senjitsu a few lines : ippitsu, hitofude a few words : ichigenhanku, ichigonhanku a few years ago : sakizaki, sennen a filler (i. e. time : tsunagi a find : horidashimono, moukemono a finger : isshi a flash : issen English? apanese Dictionary 10 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a fleeting thing : ichimu a flock : ichigun, hitomure a flower : hitohana a flowerpot : hachi a focus : pinto a fold : oreme, orime a Formosan : taiwanjin a fort : ichirui a fragment : ikko a frame : fure? mu a gain : hitokasegi a gamble : kake a game : ichiban, issen, ikkai a gang : ittai, ichidan a general : isshou a generation : ichidai, issei, isse, issei a glance : ichimoku, ichibetsu, ichiran a glimpse : ikken a gold quarter ryoo : ichibukin a good citizen : maningen a good d eal : daibu English? apanese Dictionary 11 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a good time to quit : hikidoki a gouge : marunomi a grain : hitotsubu a grasp : hitotsukami a grind : gariben a group : hitokatamari, ichidan, ichigun, hitomure a guiding principle : ippon'yari a gunner : houshu a gust of wind : ichijin a guy who never gets the women : onnifujiyuu a habit (often a bad habit : kuse a hair : ippatsu a hair's breadth : ippatsu a half : ippan a half? ear : ikki a handful : hitotsukami A Happy New Year! : gashou a harvest : saku a head (of cattle) : ittou a head (of water) : rakusa a help : tedasuke, ichijo English? japanese Dictionary 12 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a herd : hitomure, hitomura, ichigun a hit : meichuu, ichigeki a hollow : utsuro a home : ikka, ikke a horse load : ichida a hot? empered person : ikkokumono a house : ikka, ikke, ikken a household : ichizoku, ikka, ikke, ikko a huge woman : ooonna a hundred : issoku, hitotaba a Japanese (an old word for) : wajin a Japanese rake : gendzume a job : hitokasegi a joint : tsunagime, hitofushi a kick : hitokeri, isshuu a kidnapper : yuukaihannin a kind : tagui, isshu a la carte : arakaruto a la mode : aramo? do a lap : isshuu a large serving : oomori English? japanese Dictionary 13 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a laugh : isshou a law : ritsuryou, okite a leaf : ichiyou a lean on one's ortgage : teitouken a letter : ichiji, karinotsukai, issho, karinofumi a level and inked string : junjou a life : ichimei a lifetime : issei, issei, isse, isshou, isshougai a light : akari a limb) : shibireru a line : ittou, ichigyou, hitosuki, issen, hitosuji a line (of mountains : tentei, tentetsu a lineage : ittou a link : tsunagime, ikkan a little : tashou, wazuka, usuusu, yaya, sukunai, nandaka a little (see chotto) : chokkura a little covetousness : shouyoku a little less than : tarazu a little more : imasukoshi a little short : sundzumari a little too short : suntarazu English? japanese Dictionary 14 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a load : ikka a log bridge : ipponbashi a long? jointed bamboo : madake a long march : chouku a look : manazashi, ichibetsu, ichiran, ikken, ichimoku a loop : ru? pu a lot : daibu, renchuu, ikkaku, zutto, takusan, hitokurume a lump : ichigan, hitokatamari a lunge : tsuki A major : ichouchou a man of some importance : ichijinbutsu a mannerism : mannerizumu a mark : megurushi a married man : saitaisha a match : torikumi, torikumi a matter : ikken, ichijou a meal : ippan a meaning : ichigi a measure : shaku a meddlesome person : sewayaki a meditative pose : omoiire English? apanese Dictionary 15 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a meeting : yoriai a member : ichiin a merit : ittoku a method : itte a miniature : hinagata A minor : itanchou a minute : ikkoku, ippun a moan : umeki a model : gihyou a moment : issetsuna, ikkoku, isshun, isshunkan, sunbyou a moment ago : imagata a moment before : imahodo a monologue : hitorigoto a month or older : tsukiokure a mood : ippin'isshou a motion : dougi, mo? shon a mountain : issan, hitoyama a move (in game) : itte a mummy : miira a murder : koroshi, tasatsu a must? see : hikken English? japanese Dictionary 16 English? japanese (dictionnaire) must to buy : kawandearu a nap : hitoneiri, hitonemuri, issui a narrow strait : ichiitaisui a narwhal : ikkaku a negative : inga a new era : ichishinkingen a new method : ichikijiku a new month starts : tsukigawari a nook : hitosumi a novel : ninjoubon a number of days : hikazu, nissuu a one? act play : hitomakumono a one? knife carving : ittoubori a one? plate meal : ichijuuissai a one? stroke sketch : hitofudegaki a one? track mind : ippongi a one man show : hitorishibai a page : ichiyou a pair : hitotsugai a pair (footwear) : issoku a pair (of chopsticks) : ichizen English? japanese Dictionary 17 English? japanese (dictionnaire) pair (of screens) : issou a palanquin set with jewels : tamanokoshi a pardon : onsha a part : ippan, ittan, ichibubun, ichiyoku a part to play : hitoyaku a particular : shikaru a partnership : kyoudoukumiai a party : ittou, ittai, konpa, ichidan, ippa a party (of people) : yakara a pass : tsuki a passage in a discourse : hitokusari a passing acquaintance : ichimenshiki a patient : kanja a pause : hitoiki, ichidanraku, hitokiri a penny store : ichimon'akinai a period : hitokiri a period (in astronomy) : isshuuki a permit : kyokasho a person : ichiin a person given as a reference : sankounin a person made homeless by fire : ichiyakojiki English? japanese Dictionary 18 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a person who decides : kimete a personal view : ikkagen a phrase (verse : ikku a piece : ikko, ikko, ippen a piece of rope : hitosujinawa a pile : hitomori a pile (of something) : issan a pinch : pinchi a pinch (of something) : hitotsumami a pity : kinodoku, okinodoku a plain : kouya a plan : issaku, ichian, ikkei, mokuromi a plate : hitosara a plot : ichimotsu a poem : isshu a point : icchuu a poke : ichigeki a pool : mizutamari a posteriori : koutenteki, aposuteriori a pot : hachi a power (math) : bekijou, beki English? japanese Dictionary 19 English? japanese (dictionnaire) prim person : sumashiya a principle : ichiri, ichigi a priori : sententeki, apuriori a private individual : ichishijin, isshijin a private opinion : ikkagen a private person : ichikojin a program : mokuromi a project : mokuromi a puddle : mizutamari a puff : ippuku a purchase : kaitori a pursuer : otte a pursuing party : otte a quality : bingoomote a quarter : ikki, ippou a quick lunch : ichizenmeshiya a quick temper : seikyuu a quick wit : kiten a quiet (natural) setting : yuushu a quire (of paper) : ichijou a quotation : in'youbun, ichijou English? japanese Dictionary 20 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a ray (of hope) : ichidou a reactionary : handouka a ream (of paper) : ichiren a reason : ichigi, ichiri a region : ittai a rejection : isshuu, hitokeri a replacement : kawari a rest : hitoyasumi a retaken photograph : torinaoshi a retort : isshi a revolution : isshuu a riot : ikki a roar : ikkatsu a round : ichijun, ippatsu, hitomeguri, ikkai, hitomawari a row : ichiretsu, ichigyou a rowdy : akutare a rule : shaku a run : hitoppashiri, hitohashiri a run? batted? in hit (baseball) : taimuri? itto a sale (transaction) : kaitori a salver : ichijou English? japanese Dictionary 21 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a scale : shaku a scene : hitokoma a scene of carnage (bloodshed) : shuurajou a scheme : mokuromi a school : ippa a scoop : tokudane a screen : tsuitate a scroll : ippuku a seal affixed to a document : shouin a sealed document : ippuu a sealed letter : ippuu a second : sekando a secret : naishougoto a sect : ippa, isshuu a semimonthly : hangekkan a senior : jouchou, nenchousha a sense of humor : yu? moanokankaku a sentence : ichibun a series : ichiren a serious affair : ichidaiji a set : hitosoroe, hitosoroi English? japanese Dictionary 22 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a set (of people) : yakara a set of boxes : hitokasane a sexual orgy (X) : rankoupa? ti? a sharp (music) : ei a shed : uwaya a shock : hitoawa a shop : ten, shoppu a short period : icchou a short sleep : hitonemuri, issui a short story : issekiwa a short time : ichinichihenji, chotto a shout : hitokoe a sigh : tameiki a silver quarter ryoo : ichibugin a simple meal : ichijuuissai a single? family lineage : ikkei a single crop : ichimousaku a single letter : itteiji a single person : hitorimono a single seater : ichininnori a single standard : ippondate English? japanese Dictionary 23 English? japanese (dictionnaire) single stroke : ittou a single word : hitokoto, ichigen a sip : hitokuchi a sitting : isseki a slap in the face : binta a sleep : hitonemuri a slice : ippen, hitokire a slight : naigashiro a slight effort : ikkyoshuittousoku a slump : nakadarumi a slut : darashinai a small sum : isshihansen a smattering : namakajiri, katakoto a smile : iss hou a smile or a frown : ippin'isshou a smoke : ippuku a social : konpa a soliloquy : hitorigoto a solitary cryptomeria tree : ipponsugi a solo : dokusou a span : ichiyubiatari English? japanese Dictionary 24 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a species : isshu a specific medicine : tokkouyaku a speech : isseki a spin : hitoppashiri, hitohashiri a spot (glimpse : ippan a spy : kanchou, kanja a squad : ittai a squall : hitoare a stab : sashikizu, tsuki a stammer : domori a stamp : inshi a statute : ritsuryou a step : hitoashi, ho, ippo, hitokiri a step forward : ippozenshin a stop : kugiri a stopgap measure : tsunagi a straight road : hitosujimichi a streak : ichijou a stride : ho a string : isshi a stroke : ichida, hitouchi English? japanese Dictionary 25 English? japanese (dictionnaire) stroke of the pen : hitofude a stuffed animal : hakusei a stutter : domori a suit : hitokasane, hitosoroe, hitosoroi a suitor : sonin a sum of money : nari a summary : ichiran a sword (blade) : ittou a talk : danwa a task : hitoshigoto a tea cloth : chakin a term : ikki a thing : ichimotsu, ichibutsu a thought : ikkou a thread (of connection) : ichimyaku a thrust : tsuki a time : ikkai, ichiji a tinge : ichimi a tool : kenzan a top : koma a topknot (hair style) : chonmage English? japanese Dictionary 26 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a touch : ichimi a touch of : ichimatsu a tray : ichijou a trifle : ichigou a trivial matter (id) : asameshimae a troupe : ichiza, ichidan a trust : kigyougoudou a tune : hitofushi a tune (melody : ikkyoku a turn : hitomawari, itten, hitomeguri a turn (i. e. at bat) : kawari a turning point : ichitenki, ittenki a twin : futago a variety : isshu a vein : ichimyaku a verse (e. g. n the Bible) : issetsu a very little bit : choppiri a very shy person : hanikamiya, tereya a virtue : ittoku a voice : hitokoe a vote : ippyou English? japanese Dictionary 27 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a wake : tsuya a ward : ikku a waste basket : kuzukago a wastepape r basket : kuzukago a watch stand : bandai a watcher's seat : bandai a way : itto a weak point (to aim at) : tsukeme a wee bit : choppiri a week : isshuu a weight : osae a wheel : ichirin a while : chotto a whirl of hair on the head : tsumuji a whole day and night : icchuuya a word : ichigon, ichigonhanku, hitokoto, ichigenhanku a word (opinion : ichigi a word of great value : ichijisenkin a word or two : hitokotofutakoto a work : saku a written statement : koujougaki English? apanese Dictionary 28 English? japanese (dictionnaire) a year or two : ichiryounen a zone : ittai A. D. : kigen A. M. : gozen AA size (battery) : tansangata Aah! : yare aardvark (Orycteropus) : tsuchibuta abacus : soroban abalone : awabi abandon : haiki, mikiri abandoned (stray) cat : suteneko abandoned child : kiji, sutego, sutego abandoned mine : haikou abandoning : kikyaku abandoning (hope : dannen abandonment : kien, jibou, jiki, iki, houki, iki abandonment (rights : ifu abasement : shittsui abatement : ge ngaku, genka, keigen, shikkou abatis : sakamogi abattoir : tosatsujou, chikusatsuba English? japanese Dictionary 29 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bbe : shinpu abbey : daishuudouin, shuudouin abbot : daishuudouinchou, shuudouinchou, shuuinchou abbr : rassharu abbreviated form : tanshukukei abbreviation : ryakuji, shouhitsu, ryakushou, ryakugo, ryaku ABC : kouotsuhei ABC's of.. : shoho abcess : dekimono abdication : taii abdomen : shitabara, fukubu, shitappara, shitahara, kafuku abdominal? support belt : chikaraobi abdominal chills : hiebara abdominal swelling : shimobukure abducted : sarawareta abduction : kouin, yuukai, rachisuru, yuukaihan Abelian group (math) : kakangun ABEND (ABnormal END) : ijoushuuryou aberration : shuusa abet : sendou abetting : sendou English? japanese Dictionary 30 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bhor : daikirai ability : udemae, shuwan, giryou, ginou, seinou, saiwan ability to wake up : neoki Abilympics : abirinpikku abject : hikutsu abjuration : sensei ablation : setsujo ablation shield (rocket) : yuujo ablative (gram) : dakkaku ablative shield (rocket) : youhatsu able : yuui able? bodied (an) : ganken able man : hatarakide, dekimono, dekibutsu able men left out of office : iken able official : nouri able person : hatarakite ABM : dandoudangeigekimisairu abnegation : kin'yoku abnormal : hentaiteki, namihazure, abuno? maru abnormal (an) : byouteki abnormal mentality : hentaishinri English? japanese Dictionary 31 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bnormal psychology : hentaishinrigaku abnormal sexuality : hentaiseiyoku abnormal underarm odor : wakiga abnormality : kikei, hentai, ijou, hentai, ijou aboard a warship : kanjou abode of demons : fukumaden abolish : daha abolition : haishi abolition and amalgamation : haigou abolitionist : zenpaironsha abominable : imawashii, nikui abominable snowman : yukiotoko, yajin aboriginal : banjin, genjuumin aboriginal (a? no) : dochaku aborigine : aborijini? aborigines : genmin, dojin, senjuuminzo ku aborigines village : bansha abort : abo? to aborticide : datai abortion : jinkouryuuzan, chuuzetsu, datai, ryuuzan abortionist : dataii English? japanese Dictionary 32 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bortive (attempt : fuseikou abortive birth : ryuuzan abortive scheme : torou about : sokosoko, yaku, ooyoso, tsuite, abauto, oyoso, kei about? face : mawaremigi, ippen about (suf : goro about 10 p. m. : itsuya, otsuya about an hour : hantoki about medium : chuukurai, chuugurai about noon : hirugoro about the middle : nakagoro about the middle (of an era) : chuuyou about this time : imajibun, imagoro about to start out : degake about what time : itsujibun about when : itsugoro above : ue, zenki, chokujou above? mentioned : zenjutsu, zenki above? named (a? no) : zenkei above all : kotoni, nakandzuku, wakete, toriwake above average : shunbatsu English? japanese Dictionary 33 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bove ground : chijou above mentioned : joujutsu above mentioned (a? no) : jouki above the average : namihazure above the ceiling : tenjouura above the clouds : unjou Abraham : aburahamu abrasion : mamou, mametsu, surikizu, sakkashou abreast : heiretsu, heikou abridged translation : shouyaku abridgment : shouryaku abroad : zaigai, kaigai abrupt : niwaka, fui abrupt (an) : sotsuji, toutotsu abrupt (awkward) question : tsukanukoto abruptly : totsuzen, gazen, ikinari, hyouzen abscess : nouyou abscissa : yokojiku, ouzahyou, ousen abscondence : shissou, shisseki, shuppon, chikuden absconder : shupponsha absconding with money : kaitai English? japanese Dictionary 34 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bseilen (G) : apuzairen absence : rusu, fuzai, kesseki, fusan absence (from work) : kekkin absence from home : tagyou absence from school : kekka absent? minded : bon'yari absent? minded person : awatemono absent? mindedly : bouzen absent? mindedness : soushin, uwanosora absentee landlord : fuzaijinushi absentee voting : fuzaitouhyou absentmindedness : houshin absinthe : a busan absolute (an) : zettai absolute reality : shinnyo absolute safety : juuzen absolute secrecy : gokuhi absolute value : zettaichi absolute zero (temp. ) : reido absolutely : danjite, makotoni, danzen, tadatada absolutely every little bit : katappashikara English? japanese Dictionary 35 English? japanese (dictionnaire) absolutely not : tonda absoluteness : zettai absolutism : abusorixyu? tizumu absolutism (phil. : zettairon absorbent cotton : dasshimen absorption : sanmai, douka, sesshu, kyuuin, senshin, kyuushuu absorption (in something) : kyuukyuu abstain from voting : kiken abstention : fukanshou, fusanka abstinence : imi, kinshu, setsuyoku, kin'yoku abstinence syndrome : kindanshoujou abstract : chuushouteki, chuushutsu, mukei abstract (an) : chuushou abstract (of a paper) : abusutorakuto abstract art : chuushoubijutsu abstract number : fumeisuu abstraction : shashou, abusutorakushon abstruseness : inbi absurd : bakabakashii, okogamashii, mucha, tawainai, meppou absurd fear : kiyuu absurdity : okonosata, koutoumukei, fujouri, fudouri English? japanese Dictionary 36 English? japanese (dictionnaire) bsurdly : muyamini abundance : juuitsu, gyousan abundance (an) : yokei, houfu abundant : fundan abundant (an) : yutaka abundant harvest : housaku, houjuku abundantly : obitadashii abuse : goyou, reiba, ran'you, batou, hibou, akuhei, akkou abusive : kuchisaganai, kuchigitanai abusive language : bougen, nikumareguchi, dokuzetsu, akutai abusive remarks : bouhyou, mouhyou abutment : kadai abyss : shin'en, fuchi acacia : akashia academia : akademi? academic : akademikku academic background : gakureki academic centre : gakufu academic gossip : kijounokuuron academic meeting : gakkai academic or scientific world : gakkai English? japanese Dictionary 37 English? japanese (dictionnaire) academician : akademishan academicism : akademishizumu academism : akademizumu academy : akademi? , kanrin'in, gakuin, gakuen Acala : fudoumyouou Acalanatha Vidya? aja : fudoumyouou acc elerando : achererando accelerant : sokushinzai accelerated motion : kasokuundou acceleration : sokushin, koushin, ruika, kasoku, kasokudo accelerator : akuserere? ta? accelerator (abbr) : akuseru accent : gochou, kyouon, akusento, yokuyou accent (of one's speech) : namari accept : akuseputo acceptance : shouin, shinnin, ukeire, judaku, juri, shouchi acceptance (of truths) : shinju accepting a challenge : ousen accepting bribes : shuuwai accepting orders : juchuu access : akusesu English? japanese Dictionary 38 English? japanese (dictionnaire) access time : akusesutaimu access to courts : shusso accessing : akusesshingu accession : shoukei, keishou accessoiriste : akusesowarisuto accessories : buhin, komono accessory : tsukimono, tsukatari, futai, akusesari? fuzokuhin accessory case : komonoire accessory offense : futaihan accident : henji, jiko, saika, yakusai, kashitsu, saiyaku accident insurance : shougaihoken accidental : fuki, guuhatsu, furyo, fusoku, guuhatsuteki accidental de ath : henshi accidental fire : shikka accidental gun discharge : bouhatsu accidental resemblance : sorani, taninnosorani accidentally : hyotto, tamatama, futo accidents in line of duty : koumusaigai acclamation : kassai, kanko acclimate : junka accommodation : shuuyounouryoku, bengi, wakai, yuudzuu, tekiou English? japanese Dictionary 39 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accommodations : shuuyousetsubi accommodator : akomode? ta? ccomodation : shuuyou accompaniment : bansoubu, tsukimono, ainote, hayashi, aikata accompaniment (musical) : bansou accompany : douhan accompanying : tomo, doukou, gubu, doudou accomplice : katansha, dourui, kyouhansha, kyoubousha, ai, guru accomplices : ichirui accomplish : mattou accomplished : bakuga accomplished lady : keishuu accomplished villain : kyouyuu accomplishment : kantetsu, kansui, suikou accomplishments : gigei, geinou, gigei accord : ako? do, kyoushin according to : yoreba, yoruto according to circumstances : rinkiouhen accordingly : yotte, s okode accordion : ako? dion, tefuukin accordion door : ako? diondoa English? japanese Dictionary 40 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accordion pleats : ako? dionpuri? tsu account : kaikei, kiji, tsukedashi, akaunto account (e. g. bank) : kouza account book : choumen, choubo, daichou account of a (sports) game : kansenki accountability : akauntabiriti? ccountancy : kaikeigaku accountant : shukei, kanjougakari, kaikeikan, kaikei accountant (certified public) : kaikeishi accounting : keiri, akauntingu accounts payable : kaikakekin accounts receivable : urikakekin, mishuunyuukin accounts) : kuchisuu, kuchikazu accoutrements : busougu accrued : mishuu accrued expenses : miharaihiyou accumulate : chikuseki accumulation : shuuseki, chikuseki, shuushuu, ruiseki accumulator : akyu? mure? ta, akyumure? ta? , akyumure? ta accuracy : seido accurate : kuwashii, tekikaku, chimitsu English? japanese Dictionary 41 English? japanese (dictionnaire) accurate (an) : seikaku accurately : seiseito, seise i, kichinto accursed (a? o) : bachiatari accusation : kokuso, kouso, dangai accusative case (gram) : taikaku accused : hikokunin accuser : genkoku ace : e? su ace (tennis) : sa? bisue? su acetate : asete? to acetic acid : sakusan acetone : aseton acetylcholine : asechirukorin acetylene : asechiren ache : itami, itami achievement : kougyou, jiseki, tegara, gyouseki, tassei achievement test : achi? bumentotesuto, achi? bu achievements : jisseki, kouseki achiever of Nirvana : rakan Achilles tendon : akiresuken achoo! : hakushon English? japanese Dictionary 42 English? japanese (dictionnaire) achromatic : mushoku achromatic lens : akuromachikkurenzu achromatism : irokeshi acid : sui, suppai, san acid poisoning : sanchuudoku acidity : sando, sansei, sanmi acidosis : ashido? hisu acknowledge : shinnin, juryou acknowledge (ACK) : kouteioutou acknowledgement : shounin, ninchi, ryoushou, ryouto, kokuhaku acknowledgment : reijou, nintei acknowledgment (self? ) : jinin acme : kiwami acne : fuk idemono, nikibi acolyte : jisou, jisai acorn : donguri acoustic : ako? sutikku, aku? sutikku acoustic guitar : ako? sutikkugita? acoustic sound : ako? sutikkusaundo acoustic(s) : onkyou acquaintance : kaonajimi, chikadzu, gozonji, shiriai, soushiki English? japanese Dictionary 43 English? japanese (dictionnaire) acquiesce : mokujuu acquiescence : shoudaku acquisition : kakutoku, shutoku, shuutoku acquittal : shakuhou, menzai, houmen, menso acre : e? ka? creage : tanbetsu acrimonious : shinratsu acrobat : akurobatto, kyokugeishi acrobatic : akurobachikku acrobatic feats : kyokugi acrobatics : kyokugei, karuwaza acronym : ryakugo acrophobia : koushokyoufushou acropolis : akuroporisu acrylic : akuriru acrylic acid : akurirusan acrylonitrile : akurironitoriru act : koui, shiwaza, waza, okonai, shoi, okonai, sakui act (in play) : tobari Act (law: the X Act) : hou act for another : daiben English? japanese Dictionary 44 English? japanese (dictionnaire) act of barbarity : bankou act of God : fukakouryoku act of grace : onten act of mercy : hitodasuke act of violence : boukou act on mutual agreement : shouchidzuku Act properly! : iikagennishinasai acting : shigusa, engi acting as agent : daikou acting as go? etween : kuchiire acting blindly : moudou, boudou acting chairman : karigichou acting consul : dairiryouji acting director : jimutoriatsukai acting impolitely : shikkei acting in concert : koou acting official : dainin acting president : karigichou acting smart : kuchihabattai actinic rays : kagakusen Actinidia polygama : matatabi English? japanese Dictionary 45 English? japanese (dictionnaire) actinium (Ac) : akuchiniumu action : shigusa, akushon, dousa, okonai, okonai, shiuchi action bar : akushonba? action before words : fugenjikkou action committee : jikkouiin action drama : akushondorama action integral (physics) : sayousekibun action picture : katsugeki action program : akushonpuroguramu action star : akushonsuta? action) (a? o) : fuseikou actions : fugyou a ctivated charcoal : kasseitan activation : akutibe? shon active : noudouteki, kappatsu, akutibu, noudou, kassei active (an) : akutivu active defense : akuchibudifensu active duty : gen'eki active homing : akutibuho? mingu active immunity : noudoumen'eki active member : seiin English? japanese Dictionary 46 English? japanese (dictionnaire) active service : gen'eki active solar house : akutibuso? ra? hausu active sportswear : akutibusupo? tsuuea active voice : noudoutai active volcano : kakkazan activist : katsudousha, undouka activity : akutibiti, kakkyou, honsou, binsoku, hiyaku, ugoki actor : shu, yuu, dan'yuu, rei, haiyuu, akuta? hai, shou actor in a love scene : nimaime actress : haiyuu, joyuu, yakusha, akutoresu Acts of the Apostles : shitogyouden actual : akuchuaru actual circumstances : jitsujou actual condition : jissai actual demand : jitsuju actual expense : jippi actual measurements : jissoku actual place : genchi actual proof : jisshou actual results : jisseki actual size : gensun, gensundai English? japanese Dictionary 47 English? japanese (dictionnaire) actual spot : genba actual time : akuchuarutaimu actual work : shuurou, kadou actual work hours : jitsudoujikan actuality : akuchuariti? actually : genni, shinni acupuncture : hari, shinji, shinjutsu acupuncture and moxibustion : shinkyuu acute : sen'ei, setsu, setsujitsu, tsuusetsu acute (e. g. illness) : kyuusei acute angle : eikaku acutely : hishihishi acuteness : seppaku ad : ado ad? balloon : adobaru? n ad? hocracy : adohokurashi? ad campaign : adokyanpe? AD converter : anarogudejitaruhenkanki ad hoc : adohokku ad impact : adoinpakuto ad lib : adoribu English? japanese Dictionary 48 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ad man : adoman adagio : ada? jo Adam : adamu adamantine : kongou adaptability : yuudzuu, entenkatsudatsu, hentsuu adaptable : tekigou adaptation : sokuou, douka, junnou, tekiou, engi adaptation (of story : hon'an adaptation (of story) : kaisaku adapter : adaputa? , adaputa adaptive : adaputivu add : kasan add? on : adoon add? on module : adoonmoju? ru add? on telephone : adoondenwa add (something) : tsukekuwae add to : fukai add up : sekisan add water : kasui adder (spoken) : tashizanki adder (written) : kasanki English? japanese Dictionary 49 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ddiction : jouyouheki adding : konnyuu adding extra ingredients (med) : kayaku adding more tea : kuchija adding to one's years : karei adding to the top : uwamori adding up : yosezan, gassan adding years : kanen addition : kazou, kuwaezan, kasan, tsukatari, yosezan, ka addition agent : tenkazai addition and subtraction : kagen addition to a building : zouchiku additional fees : tsuikaryoukin additional gain : yoroku additional income : fukushuunyuu additional post : kenkin, kenkan, kenmu additional printing : juuhan, zousatsu additional profits : yotoku additional ration : kahai additional rules : fusoku additional tax : fukazei English? japanese Dictionary 50 English? japanese (dictionn aire) dditional volume : bessatsu additionally : jizengo additive : tenkabutsu address : uwagaki, atena, ikisaki, juukyo, atesaki, kouen address (e. g. of house) : juusho address (on letter) : katagaki address (present) : genjuusho address book : juushoroku address to students : kunji addressed to (suf) : ate addressing : adoresshingu adductor muscle : kaibashira Adelaide : adere? do adenoid : adenoido, sen'you adenoids : hanatake, bijou Adenovirus : adenouirusu adept : sasuga adequacy : tekitou, gaisetsu adequate : tekisetsu adherence : koshuu, koshitsu adherence (to custom : bokushu English? japanese Dictionary 51 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dherence to : koudei adherence to the shogunate : sabaku adherent : teishi, shinto, aryuu, kyouto, shinja, shinpousha adhesion : gyouchakuryoku, shuujaku, yuchaku, kouchaku adhesive : secchakuzai adhesive mechanical tint : sukuri? nto? n adhesive plaster : bansoukou adhesive power : nenchakuryoku adiabatic (an) : dannetsuteki Adidas (bran d name) : adidasu adjacent : kinsetsu, rinsetsu adjacent seas : kinkai adjacent units : rinsetsubutai adjectival noun : keiyoudoushi adjoin : rinsetsu, kinsetsu adjournment : teikai, kyuukai, sankai, enki adjudication : handan adjunct) words : fuzokugo adjust : ajasuto adjustment : denaoshi, chousei, seibi, shuusei, anbai, seigou adjutant : fukukan, fukkan English? japanese Dictionary 52 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dmeasure : sairyou admin : adomin administer : atsu administration : keisei, kirimori, un'ei, seifu, shisei, keiei Administration : gyouseifu administration : gyousei administration bureau : kanrikyoku administration of justice : shihou, shouri administrative official : jimukan, gyouseikan administrative reform : gyouseikaikaku administrative reform (abbr) : gyoukaku admirable : yukashii, appare admirable (an) : shushou admiral : shoukan, daishou, taishou, teitoku admiral (fleet) : gensui admiration : kantan, kantan, suuhai, eitan, keitou, sanka admiration devotion : shinpuku admiration (arch. : kanpuku admiration (vs : kanshin admiration of the powerful : jidaishisou admire : miageru English? japanese Dictionary 53 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dmirer : hikute, aidokusha admission : hennyuu, jinin, nyuusho, kanyuu, nyuukai, nyuujou admission? paid : yuuryou admission fee : bouchouryou, kanyuukin, nyuujouryou, nyuukaikin admission free : bouchoumuryou, bouchouzuii Admission Free : adomisshonfuri? admission gate : nyuujoumon admission tax : nyuujouzei admission ticket : bouchouken admission to the courtroom : nyuutei admittance : adomitansu admitting : shouchi admitting defeat : icchuuwoyusuru admixture : kyouzatsubutsu admonishment : kyoukai admonition : keikai, sekkan, kaikoku, kunkai ado : honeori adobe : ado? bi, tenjitsugawara adolescent : seishun Adonis : adonisu adopt : saiyou English? japanese Dictionary 54 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dopted child : youshi adopted daughter : youjo adopted parents : karioya adopted son? in? law : musumemuko adoption : shuuyou, sesshu, saitaku, youshiengumi adoption (e. g. motion : kaketsu adoption or rejection : saihi adoptive father : youfu adoptive mother : youbo adoration : aibo, reihai, suuhai, raihai, sanbi, shinsui adoring : shishuku ADP : jidoude? tashori adrenal glands : fukujin adrenalin : adorenarin adroit : josainai adsorb : kyuuchaku adsorption : kyuuchaku adulation : neiben, bennei adult : ichininmae, teinensha, seijin, otona, adaruto Adult's Day (Jan 15) : seijinnohi adult? like : otonappoi English? japanese Dictionary 55 English? japanese (dictionnaire) adult age : seinen adult education : adarutoedyuke? hon adult shop : adarutoshoppu adulteration : konnyuu, mazemono, fujun adulterer : maotoko, uwakimono, kanpu adulteress : kanpu adultery : fugi, maotoko, furin, mittsuu, kongaiseikou adulthood : teinen advance : joutatsu, shinkou, joutou, shinshutsu, shingeki advance retreat : isshin'ittai advance (abbr) : bansu advance (in pay) : maegari advance base : zenshi nkichi advance delivery : maewatashi advance for manuscript : kouryou advance guard : zen'ei, senjin, senpou advance income : agari advance notice : yokoku advance or retreat : shintai advance party : senpatsu, senpatsutai advance payment : maekin, yonou, maewatashi, sakigane, zennou English? japanese Dictionary 56 English? japanese (dictionnaire) dvance payments : maewatashikin advance sale : sakiuri, maeuri advance troops : senkenbutai, zenshinbutai advance(d) : adobansu advanced : koudo, koushou, adobansudo advanced (developed) country : senshinkoku advanced (old) age : kourei advanced age : rourei advanced level : joukyuu advanced maturity : koudoseichou advanced nations : senshinkoku advancement : shoukyuu, eitatsu, eishin, koujou advancing and retreating : shusshoshintai advancing part of a salary : uchigashi advancing to the first grade : nyuumaku advancing together : heishin advantage : myouri, adobante? ji, eki, yaku, riten, ri, bengi advantage disadvantage : sontoku advant age and disadvantage : son'eki advantage rule : adobante? jiru? ru advantageous : yuuri English? japanese Dictionary 57 English? japanese (dictionnaire) advantageous (an) : yuuri advantages and disadvantages : rigai, ichiriichigai advent : rairin, kourin Adventists : sairinha adventure : adobencha? , bouken, abanchu? u adventure story : boukenshousetsu adventurer : boukensha, yamashi adverb : fukushi adversary : hantaisha adverse : gyakkou adverse stock? market factors : akuzairyou adverse tide : gyakuryuu adverse wind : gyakufuu adversity : gyakkyou, shitsui advertisement : ado, adobataizumento, koukoku advertisement for a wife : kyuusaikoukoku advertising : adobataijingu advertising agency : koukokusha advertising sign : koukokutou advertising sponsor : koukokunushi advice : jogon, susume, jogen, kankoku, chuukoku, keikoku English? japanese Dictionary 58 English? japanese (dictionnaire) advisability : kahi advise : kan adviser : kankokusha, adobaiza? , jogensha, komon, jogonsha ad visor : adovaiza? dvisory organ : shimonkikan advocacy : teishou, daigen, bengo, kosui, shoudou, shushou advocacy of war : shusen advocate : daigensha, ronsha, shuchousha, teishousha, hyoubou Adzuki bean mochi : botamochi aerial : kakuu aerial tram : ro? puuei aerial wiring : kasen aerobic dancing : earobikkudanshingu aerobicise : earobisaizu aerobics : earobikusu aerodynamics : earodainamikkusu Aeroflot : aerofuro? to aerogram : e? roguramu, eroguramu, earoguramu aerogramme : koukuushokan aeroplane : hikouki aerosol : earozoru, eazo? ru English? japanese Dictionary 59 English? japanese (dictionnaire) aesthetic : esutetikku aesthetic appreciation : shinbi aesthetic aversion : itekiken'o aesthetic sense : shinbigan aesthetic sentiment : gakai aestheticism : shinbishugi aestivation : nemui affable : hitonatsukkoi, aisonoii, hitonatsukoi, onga affair : kyoku, gi, afea, sata, shiromono, kotogara, jiken affairs : jibutsu, gyoumu affairs after ones death : kouji affairs of state : kokumu affect : sawaru affectation : kidori, tsukeyakiba, genki, kazarike, shouki affectation (an) : kiza affected : fushizen affected look : tsukurigao affected part : kanbu affected region : kyokubu affected smile : esewarai affection : onjou, aijou, aijaku, jiai, seikou, jouai English? japanese Dictionary 60 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ffectionate : yasashii, yasa affectionate elder brother : jikei affectionate father : jifu, jibo affectionate woman : yasaon'a affections : ren'ai affidavit : koukyousho, koujutsusho, kyoujutsusho, kuchigaki affiliate : boukei, kanyuusha affiliated : doukei, fuzoku affiliated companies : shimaigaisha affiliated company : kankeigaisha affiliated concern : douzokukaisha affiliated with : sanka affiliation : kamei affinity : yuen, shinwasei, enko, inseki, aishou, shinkinkan affirmation : koutei, kakunin, dangen affirmative : kouteiteki affix : fu affixing a seal : kahan affixing one's seal : ouin afflatus : reikan affliction : kannan, nangi, kunou, risa i English? japanese Dictionary 61 English? japanese (dictionnaire) affluence : yuufuku, yutori afflux : ryuunyuu afforestation : shokurin affray : ranzatsu affricative sound (ling) : hasatsuon Afghanistan : afuganisutan aflatoxin : afuratokishin afore? mentioned : zenjutsu aforesaid (a? no) : zenki aforethought : yobou Africa : afurika African daisy : ga? bera Afrikaans : afurika? nsu Afrikaner : afuka? na Afro : afuro Afro? Cuban rhythm : afurokyu? banrizumu Afro? hair : afurohea after : sugi, afuta? after? : jigo after? dinner speech : takujou after? effect : kouishou, yoha English? japanese Dictionary 62 English? japanese (dictionnaire) after? recording : afuta? reko? dingu after? have lotion : afuta? she? buro? shon after? ski : afuta? suki? after (a? no) : ato after (sales) service : afuta? sa? bisu after (taking) a bath (a? no) : yuagari after a long time (id) : hisashiburi after a meal : shokugo after all : sarani, senjitsumeruto, kekkyoku, yousuruni, douse after childbirth : sango after death : botsugo, botsu go, shigo after dinner : yuushokugo after graduation : sotsugyougo after noon : hirusugi after one's death : nakiato after one out (in Baseball) : isshigo after recording (abbr) : afureko after school : houkago after tax : tedori after that : sonogo, sorekara after the rain : ameagari English? japanese Dictionary 63 English? japanese (dictionnaire) after the war : sensougo after this : korekara, igo after two outs : nishigo afterbirth : taiban, atozan, orimono, seigo afterbrain : enzui aftercare : afuta? kea aftereffects : yojin, yogo afterglow : zankou, yokou afterimage : zanzou afterlife : goshou aftermath : nibankari afternoon : gogo, afutanu? n, gogo, hirusugi afternoon dress : afutanu? ndoresu afternoon refreshment : oyatsu afternoon session (market) : goba afternoon shadow : afutanu? nshado? afterquake : yurikaeshi aftershock : yoshin, yurikaeshi aftertaste : atoaji afterward : sonogo afterwards : atode, nochihodo English? japanese Dictionary 64 English? apanese (dictionnaire) afterword : atogaki afterwords (a? no) : nochi again : mou, sai, aratamete, matashitemo, kotoatarashiku again (and again) : matamata again and again : nidosando, saisan, shibashiba against : agensuto, tai against one's will : muriyari against wind : agensutouindo agape : akape? agar? agar : tengusa, kanten agate : sh ippou, menou agave (cactus? like plant) : ryuuzetsuran age : toshigoro, nendai, e? ji, jurei, nenrei, ichidai age? group : e? jiguru? pu age (of a young lady) : houki age (one's) : yowai age 15 : shigaku age 16 (girl) : haka age 20 : teinen age 30 : jiritsu age 40 : shorou English? japanese Dictionary 65 English? apanese (dictionnaire) age 50 : chimei age 60 : jijun age 64 (man) : haka age difference : nenreisa age fifty : isoji age limit : teinen age of a tree : jurei age of decadence : mappou age of puberty : toshigoro age of the moon : getsurei age relationship : toshimawari age seventy : nanasoji, koki age shooter : e? jishu? ta? age sixty : musoji age thirty : misoji aged : furui aged 20 : jakkan aged 61 : kakou ageing : e? jingu ageism : e? jizumu agency : e? jenshi? , toritsugi, chuukai, dairiten, nakadachi English? japanese Dictionary 66 English? japanese (dictionnaire) agenda : kyougijikou, gidai, kaigijikou, nittei agent : dairigyousha, dairinin, e? ento, shuusennin, douin agent's charge : assenryou ages : hitomukashi agglutination : kouchaku, yuugou agglutinative language : kouchakugo aggravation : juudaika, kachou, kajuu, gekika, akka aggregate : shuukei aggregate amount : souryou aggregation : shuusei aggression : shinryaku, kousei, shinnyuu, sanshoku aggressive : aguresshibu, shinryakuteki aggressive attitude : koushisei aggressive war : shinryakusensou aggressor : shinryakusha aggressor nation : shinryakukoku agile : binshou, subayai agility : binsoku aging : shorou, fuke, e? jingu agism : e? jizumu agitate : kakuhan, aoru English? japanese Dictionary 67 English? japanese (dictionnaire) gitation : ajite? shon, sendou, sendou, kakuhan, douran agitation (abbr) : aji agitation bill (abbr) : ajibira agitation for expulsion : haisekiundou agitator : ajite? ta? agnate : fukei AgNO3 (abbr) : shousangin agnostic : fukachiteki agnosticism : fukachiron ago : izenni, izen ago (suf) : zen agonist : kyougisha agonizing : kutou agony : nayami, junan, hanmon, kutsuu, kunou agony of separation : riku agoraphobia : agorafobia agree with : douchou agreeable : kokoroyoi, aisonoii, kaiteki agreed : ikketsu agreement : icchi, gitei, kyouteian, shoudaku, nattoku, gacchi agreement of minds : uraawase English? japanese Dictionary 68 English? japanese (dictionnaire) greement of wills : ishinosotsuu agribusiness : aguribijinesu agricultural : nora agricultural chemicals : nouyaku agricultural community : nouson agricultural cooperative : noukyou agricultural land : nouchi agricultural produce : nousanbutsu agricultural products : nousan agricultural soldiers : tondenhei agricultural species : saibaishu agriculture : nougyou, agurikarucha? , noukou, nou, nougaku agriculture industry : noukou agriculture and forestry : nourin agrippa : sakago ague : okan ah : ara Ah! : aa, yare ahead : maeni, sakini, aheddo, osakini ahead of time : hayameni AI : jinkouchinou English? japanese Dictionary 69 English? japanese (dictionnaire) aid : kyuujo, sewa, hosa, fu jo, shien, kyuugo, kyuusai aide : fukukan, fukkan aide? de? amp : fukkan, fukukan aiding : josei AIDS : eizu aikido : aikidou aikido practitioner : aikidouka Aikido rear defence (MA) : ushirowaza Aikido seated defence (MA) : suwariwaza aikido world association : aikikai ailment : shikkan aim : shikou, mokuteki, shui, kokorogake, ate, kentou aim at : mokushi aim of attack : hokosaki aimed at foreigners : gaijinmuki aimless : manzen, atenonai aimless wandering : urouro aimlessly : burabura, hyouzen, dokotomonaku Ainu : ezo, ainu, ebisu air : tei, kuuki, ea, fuzei, kuuchuu, ea? , tenkuu air? conditioned : reiboukanbi English? japanese Dictionary 70 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air? conditioned car : reibousha air? conditioning : reibousouchi, reibou air? cooled (a? no) : kuureishiki air? cooling apparatus : reibousouchi air? to? air (a? no) : kuutaikuu air? to? surface (a? no) : kuutaichi air? to? urface missile : kuutaichimisairu air bag : eabaggu air battle : kuuchuusen air brake : eabure? ki air breathing engine : eaburi? jinguenjin air cargo : eaka? go air check : eachekku air cleaner : eakuri? na? air commodore : shoushou air compressor : eakonpuressa? air conditioner : eakon, eakondishona? air conditioning : kuukichousei, eakon, eakondishoningu air conditioning (abbr) : kuuchou air cooling : kuurei air curtain : eaka? ten English? japanese Dictionary 71 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air cushion : eakusshon air defense : boukuu air defense artillery : boukuuhou air dome : eado? mu air door : eadoa air drop : kuuchuutouka air duct : kidou Air Force : kuugun air force : eafo? su Air France : e? rufuransu air girl : eaga? u air gun : eagan air hole : kazeana, kazaana, kuukikou air hostess : eahosutesu air lane : kuuro air letter : koukuushokan air liaison officer : kuugunrenrakushoukou air mail : koukuubin, eame? ru air mass : kidan air mobile : kuuchuukidou air pad : eapaddo English? japanese Dictionary 72 English? japanese (dictionnaire) air pageant : eape? jento air people : eapi? puru air pocket : eapoketto, kuukikou, shinkuutai air pollution : taikiosen air pot : eapotto air pump : eaponpu air raid : kuushuu air rifle : earaifuru air right : earaito air service : easa? bisu air shoot : eashu? to air shuttle : eashatoru air sick : eashikku air strike : koukuukougeki air superiority : koukuuyuusei air terminal : eata? minaru air ticket : koukuuken air towel : eataoru air transport : kuuyu airborne : kuutei, eabo? airborne troops : kuuteibutai English? japanese Dictionary 73 English? japanese (dictionnaire) airbrush : eaburashi Airbus : eabasu aircraft : koukuuki aircraft carrier : koukuubokan aircraft) : unkou airhead : a? pa? , ahondara airily : hyouhyou airing of books : bakusho airline : koukuugaisha, earain airport : hikoujou, eapo? to, kuukou airport tax : eapo? totakkusu airship : hikousen airsick bag : eashikkubaggu airsickness : eashikkunesu airspace : kuukan airspace management : kuuikikanri airtight : kimitsu, mippei a irtight chamber : kimitsushitsu airway : eauxe? airy : fuwafuwa Akasagarbha (bodhisattva) : kokuuzou English? japanese Dictionary 74 English? apanese (dictionnaire) Akasaka Prince Hotel (abbr) : akapuri akin : doukei Akutagawa Ryuunosuke (auth) : akutagawaryuunosuke Alabama : arabama alacrity : binkatsu alarm : keiteki, keihou, ara? mu, hijoushingou alarm? clock : mezamashidokei, mezamashi alarm bell : keishou alarm clock : mezamashitokei alarming : yuyushii alas : atara, attara alas! : sai, kana Alas! : aa Alaska : arasuka albatross : arubatorosu, shinten'ou, ahoudori Alberta : aruba? ta albino : arubino, hakukakotai albino fox : shirogitsune Albireo (aka Beta Cygni) : arubireo album : arubamu albumin : arubumin, ranpaku English? japanese Dictionary 75 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lchemy : ougonjutsu, renkinjutsu alcohol : aruko? ru, sake alcohol expenses : sakadai alcoholic addiction : inshuheki alcoholism : aruko? ruizonshou alcove : toko, aruko? bu, tokonoma Alcyone (star in Taurus : arushio? ne aldehyde : arudehido alert : taiki alexandrite : arekisandoraito algae : sourui, mo algebra : daisuugaku, daisuu algebraic expression : daisuushiki alginic acid : aruginsan Algol : arugoru algorithm : arugorizumu, enzantejun algorithmic : arugorizumikku alias : henmei, urana, karina, imyou, eiriasu, betsumyou alias (false name) : gimei alibi : fuzaishoumei, aribai alien : e? rian, takokujin, eirian, iseijin English? japanese Dictionary 76 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lien elements : ibunshi alien registration : gaikokujintouroku alien registration card : gaikokujintourokushoumeisho alien tax : nyuukokuzei alienation : rihan, sokaku aliens : iteki alighting : gesha, chakuriku alignment : rosen, shoujun, arainmento, douchou alike : tomoni alimony : fuyouryou alkali : arukari alkaline (an) : arukarisei alkaloid : arukaroido alkalosis : arukaro? shisu all : arankagiri, issai, bantan, sukkari, tomo, menmen all? A (student) : zenkou all? America : zenbei all? in? one : o? ruinwan all? night : o? runaito all? night Mah Jongg : tetsuman all? night vigil over a body : tsuya English? japanese Dictionary 77 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all? occasion dress : o? ruoke? jondoresu all? out : zenmenteki all? out war : zenmensonsou all? purpose : han'you, banninmuki, o? upa? pasu, bannou, mannou all? purpose flour : chuurikiko all? round : o? ruraundo all? round (market) advance : isseidaka all? round (market) decline : isseiyasu all? round player : o? ruraundopure? ya? all? season coat : o? rushi? zunko? to all? season dress : o? rushi? zundoresu all? season track : o? rushi? zuntorakku all? star cast : o? rusuta? kyasuto all? star game : o? rusuta? ge? mu all? wave (receiver) : o? ruue? bu all? wave receiver : zenpajushinki all? weather coat : o? ruueza? ko? to all? weather track : o? ruueza? torakku all? wool : junmou all (a? no) : kakuhan, zenpuku, hyappan all (an) : sokkuri English? japanese Dictionary 78 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all (not) : kanarazushimo all (of you) : ittou all (one has) : take all (pref) : ban, zen all (present) : manjou all acts : hyakkou all ages : roujaku, bandai, bansei, rounyaku, kokon, senko all altogether : gassai all animate creation : gunsei all around : manbennaku all at once : isseini, tachimachi, issei all at once (a? no) : totsuzen all at sea : gorimuchuu all back : o? rubakku all candidates : zenkouho all circumstances : bankyou all companies : kakusha all compositions : zenkyoku all concerned : ichidou all countries : bankoku all creation : banmotsu, ban'yuu, banbutsu, banshou English? japanese Dictionary 79 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all creatures : issaishujou all day : shuujitsu all day and night : ichinichiichiya all days : zenjitsu all doors closed : happoufusagari all efforts : souryoku all Europe : zen'ou all evils : hyakuhei all eyes : juumoku, shuumoku all generations : mandai, yorozuyo all goods : zenpin all guarantee : o? rugyaranti? all hands : zen'in all health and happiness : banpuku, manpuku all heaven : zenten all Hokkaido : zendou all houses : banko all items : shinazoroe all kinds (of food) : hyakumi all kinds of : moromoro, hyappan all kinds of animals : hyakujuu English? japanese Dictionary 80 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ll kinds of goods : hyakka all kinds of malicious gossip : akkouzougon all kinds of sicknesses : manbyou all kinds of trees : kigi all lands : zenchi all lines : zensen all locations (abbr) : o? ruroke all mail : zenbin all means : bansaku, hyakkei all members : souzei all members (unanimity) : zen'in all nations : banpou all nature : bansh ou all night : shuuya, hitoyo, hitoya, tetsuya, yomosugara, yojuu all night through : ichiyajuu, hitoyajuu all night vigil : yoakashi, tetsuya All Nippon Airlines : zennikkuu all obstacles : hyakunan, banshou all of a sudden : dashinuke, totsujo, gazen, ikinari all of us : ichidou all one's ability : zennouryoku English? japanese Dictionary 81 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all one's power : zenryoku all or nothing : o? uoanashingu all over : oteage, manbennaku all over the country : kunijuu, zenkokutsutsuuraura, tsutsuuraura all over the house : kachuu all over the island : touchuu all over town : boukan all parts : kakubu all pass : o? rupasu all people : banmin, banjin, bannin all phases : kakumen all places : bankyou all prefectures : kakuken all present : ichidou all ranks : kisen all right : daijoubu, yoroshii, shimeta, o? rai, junchou, yoshi all right! : yoshi all risks : o? rurisukusu all sects : kakuha all shook up : orooro all sides : happou, hachimen English? japanese D ictionary 82 English? japanese (dictionnaire) all sorts : kakushu all sorts of trouble : hyakunan all square : o? usukuea all the armies : bangun all the banks (of a river) : zengan all the citizens of the city : zenshimin all the daimyos : sanbyakushokou all the houses (in town) : zenko all the inhabitants : zenjuumin all the more : ichidan, kaette, wakete, kyaku, issou, naosara all the officials : hyakkan all the people : choumin all the peoples : zenminshuu all the rest : zenpyou all the time : nirokujichuu, itsudemo all the universe : banshou all the way : moroni, harubaru all things : banmotsu, banbutsu, ban'yuu, banpan all this week : konshuuchuu all through : buttooshini all through life : isshougai, isshou English? japanese Dictionary 83 English? japanese (dictionnaire) ll tickets : zenseki all times and places : kokontouzai all together : ikkatsu all varieties of flowers : hyakka all year round : nenbyakunenjuu, ichinenjuu, nengaranenjuu all you can drink (id) : nomihoudai all you can eat (id) : tabehoudai Allah : ara? allegation : moushitate allegiance : kyoujun allegory : guuwa, aregori? , hiyu, fuuyu allegretto : areguretto allegro : areguro allergy : arerugi? allergy to pollen : kafunshou alleviation of fever : genetsu alley : roji, uratoori, yokochou, uradoori alley cat : noraneko alley house : uraya alleyway : roji alliance : rengou, engumi English? japanese Dictionary 84 English? japanese (dictionnaire) Alliance : araiansu alliance : renmei, doumei, gattai, renritsu, doumei allied armies : doumeigun allied political party : yuutou allies : kyoushoukoku alligator : arige? ta? , waniguchi, wani alliteration : touin alloc : arokku allocate : aroke? to allocation : waritsuke, kakudzuke, wariate, aroke? shon, bun'yo allophone (ling) : ion allot : warifuru allotment : kappu, waritsuke, wariate, wariategaku, wappu allotrope : dousotai allowance : yoyuu, tegokoro, shiokuri, kyuuyo, fuyo, kousa allowance for : kagen alloy : goukin allspice : o? rusupaisu allurement : yuuwaku alluring : kowakuteki alluvial : chuuseki English? japanese Dictionary 85 English? apanese (dictionnaire) alluvial period : chuusekiki, chuusekisei alluvial soil : chuusekido alluvial stratum : chuusekisou alluvium : chuusekisou ally : mikata, yokoku ally (of another nation) : doumeikoku alma mater : bokou, shusshinkou alma mater clique : gakubatsu almanac : arumanakku, koyomi almighty : zennou, o? rumaiti? almighty (a? no) : bannou almond : hentou, a? mondo almond oil : hentouyu almost : mazu, ayauku, hobo, hakkubu, kubu, arakata almost all : ookata alms : gouriki, hodokoshimono almsgiving : kisha aloe : aroe aloes? wood perfume : kyara aloes wood : kyara aloha : aroha English? japanese Dictionary 86 English? japanese (dictionnaire) loha shirt : arohashatsu alone : tandokude, tanshin, hitoribocchi, hitori, hitoride along : nitsuite, sotte along (the wall) (suf) : dzutaini along railway line (a? no) : ensen along the east coast : touganzoini along the eastern seashore : touganzoini along the north coast : hokuganzoini along the river : kawazoi along the southern coast : nanganzoini aloof : tsuntsun aloof from the world : hyouhyou aloofness : kokou alpaca : arupaka alpha : arufa alphabet : arufabetto alphabetical order : e? bi? shi? jun alphanumeric character : eisuuji Alphard (aka Alpha Hydra) : arufarudo alpine : arupain, kouzan alpine flower : e? deruwaisu English? japanese Dictionary 87 English? japanese (dictionnaire) lpinism : arupinizumu alpinist : arupinisuto alps : arupusu already : sudeni, mohaya, kanegane, mou, senkoku, kanete already acquired : kitoku already known : kichi already proved : shoumeizumi also : mata, yappari, yahari, nimo altar : saidan, kumotsudai altar boy : jisha altar of sacrifice : so alteration : kawari, kae, hen'i, kaisei, henkou, henzou, henka alternate : tagaichigai, kougo, orutaneito, hitotsuoki, kawari alternate interior angles : sakkaku alternate plan : daian alternately : tokkaehikkae, kawaribankoni, kawarugawaru alternating? current winding : bunmaki alternating current : kouryuu alternation : koutai, tagaichigai alternative : takuitsuteki, nishasen'itsu, o? ruta? natibu alternative plan : jizensaku English? japanese Dictionary 88 English? japanese (dictionnaire) alternative school : o? ruta? natibusuku? ru alternative space : o? ruta? natibusupe? u alternatively : nishatakuitsu although : tatoe, noni, tatoi altitude : koudo altitude sic kness : koushobyou, kouzanbyou alto : aruto altogether : sokkuri, zenbu, awasete, issaigassai, kotogotoku altruism : aitashugi, hakuaishugi, taai altruistic : rita alumina : arumina aluminium : aruminiumu, arumi aluminium and sicilicum alloy : shirumin aluminium foil : arumihoiru aluminium sash : arumisasshi aluminum (Al) : aruminiumu, arumi alumni : dousousei alumni meeting : dousoukai alumnus : dousousei, kouyuu, shusshinsha, sotsugyousei alveolus : haihou, shisou always : tsuneni, tsunedzune, fudan, kirinashi, itsudemo English? japanese Dictionary 89 English? japanese (dictionnaire) always (not) : kanarazushimo always a fool (id) : bakahashinanakyanaoranai always hitting the bull's? ye : hyappatsuhyakuchuu always saying the wrong thing : nenjuushitsugen Alzheimer disease : arutsuhaima? byou am : gozen Amadeus : amadeusu amalgam : amarugamu amalgamation : heigou, gouhei, gappei, goudou amanuensis : daishonin, daisho, daihitsu amassing of wealth : chikuzai amateur : amachua, shirou to, mongaikan amateur (abbr) : ama amateur word (in art) : tonosamashigoto amateurism : amachuarizumu amateurism (in art) : tonosamagei amazement : ikkyou amazing : kyoutendouchi, odorokubeki, sugoi Amazon : amazon ambassador : anbasada? , taishi ambassador plenipotentiary : zenkentaishi English? japanese Dictionary 90 English? japanese (dictionnaire) amber : anba? kohaku amber (colour) : kohakuiro amber colour : bekkouiro ambidextrous (person) : ryoutekiki ambience : anbiansu, fun'iki ambiguous : mourou, futokuyouryou, magirawashii, ayafuya ambition : haki, houfu, taimou, yabou, koujoushin, iyoku ambitious person : yashinka ambitious undertaking : yuuto ambivalence : anbibarensu, aizouheison ambulance : anbaransu, kyuukyuusha ambulance helicopter : kyuukyuuherikoputa? ambush : senpuku, fusezei, fukuzei, yougeki, mukaeutsu ambush attack : geigeki ameboid movement : ame? baundou AMeDAS : amedasu amen : a? men, namu amender : shuuseisha amendment : kaisei, shuusei amenity : ameniti? , kaitekisa America : beikoku, amerika English? japanese Dictionary 91 English? japanese (dictionnaire) America's Cup race : amerikazukappure? u American : amerikan American? Soviet : beiso American coffee : amerikanko? hi? American English (lang) : beigo American football : amerikanfuttobo? ru American football (abbr) : amefuto American Indian : hokubeidojin American League : amerikanri? gu American league (abbr) : ariggu American of Japanese descent : nikkeibeijin American person : amerikajin American plan : amerikanpuran American rugby (abbr) : ameragu American sign language : amesuran American submarine : porarisu American vulgarity : beizoku Americanism : amerikanizumu Americanize : amerikanaizu americium (Am) : amerishiumu Ameslan : amesuran English? japanese Dictionary 92 English? japanese (dictionnaire) methyst : amejisuto, ameshisuto, murasakisuishou amiability : hitozuki amiable : hitonatsukoi, onryou, aisonoii, hitonatsukkoi amicable : yuukouteki Amida Buddha's original vo w : hongan amidst : uchini amino acid : aminosan Amitabha (Budd. deity) : amida amity : shuukou, yuukou ammonia : anmonia ammonite : anmonaito ammonite (traditional name) : kikuishi ammunition : dan'yaku amnesia : kenboushou amnesty : amunesuti, onsha, taisha, tokusha Amnesty International : amunesutiinta? nashonaru amoeba : ame? ba Amoghasiddhi : fukuujouju among (them) : nakaniha among other things : nakandzuku among rocks : iwama English? japanese Dictionary 93 English? japanese (dictionnaire) morous : tajou, iroppoi amorous glance : irome amorous man : bikachou amorphous : amorufasu amortization : shoukan, shoukyaku amount : teido, bunryou, ryou, taka, kagaku amount allotted : buntangaku amount invested or contributed : shukkingaku amount of business : jimuryou amount of consumption : shouhiryou amount of drinking : insuiryou amount of inventory : shouhinzaidaka amount of investment : shusshigaku amount of money : kingaku amount of rainfall : kouuryou amount of sugar : toubun am ount of tax : zeigaku amount of work : koutei amount or sum (of money) : gaku amount received : shuunougaku amount sold : uriage English? japanese Dictionary 94 English? japanese (dictionnaire) mount used : shiyouryou amp : anpu ampere : anpea amperometer : denryuukei amphetamine : anfetamin amphibian (an) : ryousei amphibian plane : ryouyouki amphibious (a? no) : suirikuryouyou amphibious animal : ryouseidoubutsu ample : tappuri amplification : engi amplification (elec) : zoufuku amplifier : anpurifaia amplitude (of vibration) : shinpuku ampoule : anpuru amputation : setsudan amputee : setsudankanja Amsterdam : amusuterudamu Amtrak : amutorakku amulet : mayoke, gofu amusement : goraku, ikkyou, amyu? zumento English? japanese Dictionary 95 English? japanese (dictionnaire) amusement center : amyu? zumentosenta? amusement of the company : zakyou amusement park : yuuenchi amusement program : gorakubangumi amusement quarters : sakariba amusing : okashii, omoshiroi, omoshiro amylase : am ira? e an â€Å"expose† (in a magazine) : suppanuki an abductor : yuukaihannin an abortive : oroshigusuri an accuser : sonin an act : shiuchi an age : issei an American : beikokujin an antique : koki an armful : hitokakae an army : ichigun an arrow : isshi an art : ichigei an article : ichimotsu an auspicious event : kichiji, kitsuji English? japanese Dictionary 96 English? japanese (dictionnaire) an auspicious occasion! : omedetou an authority : kyohaku an eccentric : kawarimono an edition : ippan an effort : hitoiki an elder : jouchou an elder brother : sonkei an empty dream : issuinoyume an enclosure : ippuu an end : shuumatsu, kugiri an exchange transaction : kawari an expert : honshoku an expression : kuchimawashi an extra : omake an honest man : maningen an idea : issaku, ichian an immediate definite deal : hitokuchiakinai an imperial hearing : joubun an important office : ichiyaku an inch ahead : issunsaki an incident : ichigi English? japanese Dictionary 97 English? a panese (dictionnaire) an incurve : naikyokkyuu an individual : kotai, ichikojin an inferior : ressha an informant : sonin an ingredient : ichimi an instance : ichirei an instant : ikkoku, issetsuna, isshunkan, isshun an insurrection : ikki an iron : noshi an isolated house : ikken'ya an item : ikkou, ippin, hitotsugaki, ikken an office : ichiyaku an official : ri an old ceremonial garb : kamishimo an only child : hitorikko, hitotsubudane, hitorigo, isshi an only daughter : hitorimusume an only son : hitorimusuko an opinion : ichikenshiki an orange : orenji an ordinary method : hitosujinawa an ordinary person : ippanjin English? japanese Dictionary 98 English? japanese (dictionnaire) an overnight march : ippakukougun an RBI hit : taimuri? hitto an ultranationalist : ikkokumono an unbroken view : ichibou an upstart : narikin an) : kanpuku, kanshin, adeyaka ANA : zennikkuu anabolism : doukasayou anachronism : jidaisakugo, anakuronizumu anachronism (abbr) : anakuro anaconda : uwabami anaesthesia : masui anagram : anaguramu anal (col) (X) : ketsunoana anal fistula : jirou, kireji analects : goroku analgesic : chintsuuyaku analgesic (an) : chintsuusei analog : anarogu analog computer : anarogukonpyu? ta? analog computer (abbr) : anakon English? japanese Dictionary 99 English? japanese (dictionnaire) nalog digital (abbr) : anadeji analog digital converter : anarogudejitaruhenkanki analog speedometer : anarogusupi? dome? ta? analogous : ruiji analogue : anarogu analogy : ruisui, ruihi, anaroji? , souji analyser : anaraiza? analysis : anarishisu, bunkai, bunseki, kaiseki analysis table : bunsekihyou analyst : anarisuto analytical : bunkai teki analytical chemistry : bunsekikagaku analyticity (physics) : kaisekisei analytics : bunsekigaku analyzer : anaraiza anamnesis : kioushou Anaphylaxie (G) : anafirakishi? anarchism : ana? kizumu anarchism (doctrine of) : museifushugi anarchist : ana? kisuto anarchy : museifu, ana? ki? English? japanese Dictionary 100 English? japanese (dictionnaire) nathema : hamon, anatema anatomy

A Teacher’s Involvement on Education Reform Essay

Student achievement is constantly changing. Today’s students are being prepared to face the real world that requires them to have exceeding abilities and knowledge. On the global economic aspect of today, students are asked to understand the fundamentals and at the same time be able to think critically. They must analyze and make inferences. It is the teacher’s task to develop these skills in the students. They must prepare them for any changes in the assessment of the school, especially when this approach is of the large scale and high-stake level. Education in the United States has been reformed countless times – all for various reasons. The changes in the knowledge and skills that are aimed for success go hand in hand with the understanding of how students learn. The relationship between the instruction given in schools and the assessment of the students through exams change the learning goals that are set for them and their schools. Therefore, the need for education reform. 1 Before, society can get by with the basic reading and arithmetic skills. This was during the industrial age. However, we are now in an information age. Individuals are required to have access to the interpretation and analysis of the information that they use in order to come up with decisions. Studies show that the skills and competencies mentioned in the previous sentence are the requirements to succeed in the workplace. 2 To adapt to these changes, the content standards of education – skills, knowledge and behavior of the students – must be achieved at a higher level. This is developed at the national, as well as the state areas of science, mathematics, history and geography. In this process, student assessment is the focus and the center of the efforts on matters concerning educational improvements. The policymakers intend to change the assessment that will allow teachers and schools to have different approaches. Assessment reform is not an excuse for a new regime by teachers. This is targeted to the students with the help of the development efforts of the teachers. These include curriculum reform, improving instruction and getting new instructional materials. A number of policymakers and educators believe that the assessment of the students reflect the lessons that they were taught. It’s true that the assessment influences the format of instruction. Contrary to the understanding of today’s students on how they learn their lessons, the assessments are particularly traditional. Most exams still follow the multiple-choice and the true-false format. These test facts determine the skill in an isolated approach. It seldom requires the students to apply what they really know, making it hard to determine what they are capable of doing in real life situations. The standardized tests do not match the content standards. Relying too much on these kinds of assessment often result to an instruction that only focuses on the basic knowledge and skills. It does not encourage the institution to reform the instruction give to the students. Engaged learning will prepare the students better for the 21st century. That being said, it only makes sense that the tests the students take encourage aggressive learning. 3 â€Å"The notion that learning comes about by the accretion of little bits is outmoded learning theory. Current models of learning based on cognitive psychology contend that learners gain understanding when they construct their own cognitive maps of the interconnections among concepts and facts. Thus, real learning cannot be spoon-fed, one skill at a time. † 4 Educators, policymakers and parents are starting to realize that the basic learning abilities are no longer enough. They need the students to have the skills they learned in school and the abilities they need upon leaving school all at the same time. Schools are expected to assist students in developing these competencies which they will use in real and authentic situations. The establishments are expected to graduate students who have these abilities – students who excel on both the standardized and the alternative assessments. During the last decade, the education community in the United States went through a proliferation of reform efforts that are standardized-driven. Its main objective is to increase the achievement level of the students. They want students from the United States achieve the same level of competitiveness with other industrialized nations. The education community also wants to restore the public confidence in the education. Once these are achieved, then it provides the standards-setting bodies the primary ways on how the classroom teachers can be involved in the reforming process. The federal government is a prominent player in the reforming efforts one educations. It goes all the way back in March 1994 when President Clinton signed the â€Å"Goals 2000: Educate America Act. It was the legislation that created the framework which allowed states to adopt and construct the education reform strategies by incorporating the three Goals principles: 1. ) rigorous academic standards. 2. ) alignment of curriculum, textbooks and teacher education and 3. ) clear incentives to encourage students to strive to meet high standards. Also, in 1987, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards or the NBPTS was formed in order to articulate the standards of excellence to what teachers must know and should know. NBPTS has an assessment system that determines the eligibility of the educators for the National Board certification. At the same time, the Council of Chief State School Officers has established the Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC) to produce the model standards for the initial teacher licensure. INTASC standards are based on NBPTS standards. In 1987, the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) started using the revised accreditation standards for teacher education institutions. This also reflects NBPTS standards. It calls for better performance, higher admissions and graduate standards. NCATE encourages the teachers to prepare the reforms on education at a content standard that has appeared from projects such as the NCTMs. There are three kinds of national standards which currently receive attention from the American government. The content standards focus on the curriculum, the performance standards concentrate on the student work and the assessment, and the school delivery standards which centers on the resources and support for the schools, teachers and students. The building figures from the consensus prominently show that the standards- setting movement of the schools and teachers has had de facto standards for the content areas that are mentioned in the Goals. These are affected by the textbook manufactures and the performance standards that are set by the testing companies. In contrast to this, the standards development projects of recent years have tried to get a base of support for a ny academic improvement. The involvement of teacher in the professional standards development can be seen in various areas: 1.  The teachers function as the standards. A lot of members of the NBPTS standards committees are accomplished and celebrated teachers. Classroom teachers are members of the NCATE board and the Standards Committee serve as the team which evaluates the teacher preparation programs. The Standard Project is there to develop the assessment standards. It also serves as the instrument for a national system of voluntary student examination. It engages the teachers in developing the tests items and refining the content standards in order to come up with better scores from the students. 2.  Teachers are the subjects of the fields that are new to test standards. Since they participate in the NBPTS field test, the INTAST assessments are conducted by teachers. 3. Teachers serve as the translators of the content standards. They apply this in a teachable classroom setting. By working with the scholars, the teachers build the contend standards in a state curriculum framework. They come up with lesson plans which are the operations for the standards they intend to meet. 4. Because they bargain units and have professional associations, teachers serve as the initiators of the standards-setting projects.  Take this for example, the Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students was developed by the American Federation of Teachers, the National Council on Measurement in Education and the National Education Association. 5. Teachers also serve as the critics of the national standards that set the efforts on education reform. The seven model standards that have been developed and supported by the Board of Education have circulated drafts of the standards documents. It also solicits the comment from the teachers and the parents. It is very important that teachers are on the panels in order to oversee the projects. The promotion of students’ critical thinking skills, active engagement in learning and deeper understanding of the subject matter is â€Å"teaching for understanding. † The classroom teachers must be engaged in teaching and understanding the lessons that they teach to the students. The research and the experience are collaborated and are jointly reported. Teachers must also focus on the policy considerations, starting with the perspectives in the classroom and emphasizing on the need for the field-based research that are needed for the multiple contexts of teaching. However, the involvement of teachers also varies on the perception of the school leadership. There are some teachers that perceive the costs of involvement in education reform outweigh the benefits. There are also some teachers who choose to not get involved because it means that this will influence other school policies. With this in mind, this proves that there are two kinds of decisions: the managerial, which is made by the administrators and the technical, which concentrates on the goal. Most teachers prefer being involved in the process than coming up with technical decisions. 7 Then there are some teachers that argue that education reform cannot be imposed on a unilateral approach. Teachers must endorse their new responsibilities and roles, as long as there is a time and enough resources to go about it. Schools depend on the cooperation, relation and interdependence of the staff members that plans such as these must be consistent with the norms that already exist. 8 Schools must also consider the current staff development. There are some models that do not help the teachers in handling the complex reforms that are currently being implemented. Dominant models work perfectly when the specific practices or skills are transferred. The current reforms need teachers to be intellectual. They must grapple the new ways in order to implement the principles and ideas in their daily work. The five steams of reform are challenges to the teachers. 9 Finally, there are the different studies of teachers when it comes to leadership roles. There are conditions that are particularly good prospects when it comes to leadership. By investing in roles that are dignified and not simply powerful, the organizational incentives needed for collaboration results to agreements which protect and separate the interest of the administrators and the teachers. This is a good thing because its final result is that it complies with the policies which support the education reform. Drawing from four different studies of teachers in leadership roles, the author examines the conditions for teacher productivity in schools. Little identifies five conditions as particularly likely to advance or erode the prospects for teacher leadership: define leadership tasks that are important, not trivial; invest leadership roles with dignity, not simply power over others; have organizational incentives for collaboration; avoid agreements that protect the separate interests of teachers and administrators; and have district policies that support teacher leadership, especially those on recruitment, selection, placement, and evaluation of principals. 10 Sometimes it is better to give movie examples. Over the years, there are countless movie releases that show teachers defying the school’s rules in order to provide what is best for their students. In â€Å"Dangerous Minds†, Michelle Pfeiffer encourages her students to read poetry instead of hanging out in the street and ruining their lives by getting involved in drugs, sex and gangsters. In the â€Å"Sister Act 2†, Whoopi Goldberg helms a choir consisting of African American students from the ghettos. Like Pfeiffer in â€Å"Dangerous Minds†, this is the nun’s distraction for the students to make something out of their lives. But a recent movie that depicts educational reform and teacher’s involvement best is the TV movie â€Å"Walkout. † It tells the story of the Mexican-American students in Los Angeles high schools in 1968. They staged a boycott in order to improve the quality of education for Chicanos. Actor-director Edward James Olmos (who plays Jennifer Lopez’ dad in â€Å"Selena) appears and directs in the movie. â€Å"Walkout† was skillfully directed and presented a simple story told in a direct manner. There is a frank portrayal of the unacceptable educational standards in the schools that are attended by the Mexican-American students. In one scene, two Chicano students were slapped on their behinds because they spoke in Spanish. This was only one of the rules in American schools which Mexican-American activists wanted to reform. They want to speak in Spanish whenever they want to because Spanish is their language. For teachers who want a peg in participating in educational reforms, they can look at Sal Castro played by Michael Pena (Jennifer Lopez’ brother in â€Å"Selena. ) He is a dedicated high school history teacher who is the instrument in stirring idealism in his students. He didn’t want them to be violent activists. He encouraged reform but he reminded them that this can be done in a united and peaceful protest. The focal point of the story is Paula Crisostomo (Alexa Vega) who is an exceptional student. She risked her graduation in order to be part of the Lincoln High School walkout. â€Å"Walkout† captures the passion of Paula and her classmates. The parents strongly resisted at the earlier part of the film, but later on they slowly understood the reason behind the activism of their children. The entire cast, played by young performers, is convincing. It is true that â€Å"Walkout† is a film but this is a depiction of something that happened in 1968 which changed history. Because of that walk-out, Mexican-American students are given a voice. The teacher participated in his own way in the education reform his students want granted. Those who watched this movie for the first time were unaware of the Chicano movement of 1968. They were surprised to find out that there was a time Universities kept Chicanos out. Teachers sacrifice their efforts and their time in order to concretize the goals they want for their students. Education reform may not be achieved with just one snap of a finger but that does not mean that teachers should stop trying there and then. For this very reason of reform, teachers and students are more motivated to strive toward success. Education reform is a right that must be made the most out of. It could be better opportunities for the teachers as well as the students. Once the school is presented an option to have an education, then they must seize it. It may be puzzling at first but the absence of education reform can have dire effects on the effective teaching in schools. Research shows that successful schools have reformed their education in relation to the demands of today’s information age. By viewing teaching as the central activity of organizations, more and more educational bodies are encouraging schools to take part of education reform. By proposing the norms, conducts, standards and practices which will serve as the central dialogue and observation of teaching, activities and practices that are related to providing a curriculum and materials needed by the school, students and teachers will be open to the recognition of teacher’s involvement in the whole educational reform process.